1
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Wen D, Yuan R, Yang F, Chen R. Two-step construction of KPDMS/Al 2O 3 ultra-barriers for wearable sensors. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39196276 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices hold significant potential in healthcare and medical diagnostics. One major challenge in realizing this potential is the low barrier property of polymer substrates, which fail to withstand surrounding moisture and biofluids. In this work, a two-step strategy involving ALI followed by a UV-curing process is developed to fabricate a K48PDMS/Al2O3 ultra-barrier with high barrier property of 7.82 × 10-5 g m-2 day-1 under stretching strain, representing one of the highest values among current works. Moreover, the K48PDMS/Al2O3 barrier enables Ca-tested devices to exhibit extended operational lifetimes of up to 12 days in simulated rain. It also ensures the high sensitivity of strain sensors for real-time monitoring of health-related physiological signals, even when exposed to aggressive solutions such as PBS, KOH, and glucose. A clear "filling-cross-linking" mechanism is revealed, involving the filling of the void spaces within polymer chains followed by the cross-linking of polymer side chains to enhance the density of the hybrid layer. Adjusting porosity and functional group density ensures complete Al2O3 infiltration into the polymer. The cross-linking increases from 12.31% to 73.79% compared to the UV-curing process alone due to the presence of Al2O3, further enhancing the density of the hybrid layer and its barrier properties. The proposed strategy in our work shows great potential for providing highly reliable encapsulation for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ruige Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology of School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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2
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Wen D, Yuan R, Cao K, Yang F, Chen R. Advancements in atomic-scale interface engineering for flexible electronics: enhancing flexibility and durability. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412501. [PMID: 39025081 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad64db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics, such as wearable displays, implantable electronics, soft robots, and smart skin, have garnered increasing attention. Despite notable advancements in research, a bottleneck remains at the product level due to the prevalent use of polymer-based materials, requiring encapsulation films for lifespan extension and reliable performance. Multilayer composites, incorporating thin inorganic layers to maintain low permeability towards moisture, oxygen, ions, etc, exhibit potential in achieving highly flexible barriers but encounter challenges stemming from interface instability between layers. This perspective offers a succinct review of strategies and provides atomic-scale interface modulation strategy utilizing atomic layer integration technology focused on enhancing the flexibility of high-barrier films. It delves into bendable multilayers with atomic-scale interface modulation strategies, encompassing internal stress and applied stress modulation, as well as stretchable composite structural designs such as gradient/hybrid, wavy, and island. These strategies showcase significant improvements in flexibility from bendable to stretchable while maintaining high barrier properties. Besides, optimized manufacturing methods, materials, and complex structure design based on atomic-scale interface engineering are provided, better aligning with the future development of flexible electronics. By laying the groundwork for these atomic-scale strategies, this perspective contributes to the evolution of flexible electronics, enhancing their flexibility, durability, and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruige Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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3
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Philip A, Jussila T, Obenlüneschloß J, Zanders D, Preischel F, Kinnunen J, Devi A, Karppinen M. Conformal Zn-Benzene Dithiol Thin Films for Temperature-Sensitive Electronics Grown via Industry-Feasible Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition Technique. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402608. [PMID: 38853133 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique combining both inorganic and organic precursors is strongly emerging as a unique tool to design exciting new functional metal-organic thin-film materials. Here, this method is demonstrated to work even at low deposition temperatures and can produce highly stable and conformal thin films, fulfilling the indispensable prerequisites of today's 3D microelectronics and other potential industrial applications. This new ALD/MLD process is developed for Zn-organic thin films grown from non-pyrophoric bis-3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl zinc [Zn(DMP)2] and 1,4-benzene dithiol (BDT) precursors. This process yields air-stable Zn-BDT films with appreciably high growth per cycle (GPC) of 4.5 Å at 60 °C. The Zn/S ratio is determined at 0.5 with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), in line with the anticipated (Zn─S─C6H6─S─)n bonding scheme. The high degree of conformality is shown using lateral high-aspect-ratio (LHAR) test substrates; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the film penetration depth (PD) into the LHAR structure with cavity height of 500 nm is over 200 µm (i.e., aspect-ratio of 400). It is anticipated that the electrically insulating metal-organic Zn-BDT thin films grown via the solvent-free ALD/MLD technique, can be excellent barrier layers for temperature-sensitive and flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Philip
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Chipmetrics Ltd, Joensuu, 80130, Finland
| | - Topias Jussila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | | | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Preischel
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Materials Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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4
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Rowe C, Kashyap A, Sharma G, Goyal N, Alauzun JG, Barry ST, Ravishankar N, Soni A, Eklund P, Pedersen H, Ramanath G. Nanomolecularly-induced Effects at Titania/Organo-Diphosphonate Interfaces for Stable Hybrid Multilayers with Emergent Properties. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:11225-11233. [PMID: 38808308 PMCID: PMC11129189 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale hybrid inorganic-organic multilayers are attractive for accessing emergent phenomena and properties through superposition of nanomolecularly-induced interface effects for diverse applications. Here, we demonstrate the effects of interfacial molecular nanolayers (MNLs) of organo-diphosphonates on the growth and stability of titania nanolayers during the synthesis of titania/MNL multilayers by sequential atomic layer deposition and single-cycle molecular layer deposition. Interfacial organo-diphosphonate MNLs result in ∼20-40% slower growth of amorphous titania nanolayers and inhibit anatase nanocrystal formation from them when compared to amorphous titania grown without MNLs. Both these effects are more pronounced in multilayers with aliphatic backbone-MNLs and likely related to impurity incorporation and incomplete reduction of the titania precursor indicated by our spectroscopic analyses. In contrast, both MNLs result in two-fold higher titania nanolayer roughness, suggesting that roughening is primarily due to MNL bonding chemistry. Such MNL-induced effects on inorganic nanolayer growth rate, roughening, and stability are germane to realizing high-interface-fraction hybrid nanolaminate multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Rowe
- Materials
Science & Engineering Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ankit Kashyap
- School
of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Geetu Sharma
- Materials
Science & Engineering Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Naveen Goyal
- Materials
Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Johan G. Alauzun
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, University of Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Seán T. Barry
- Department
of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Narayanan Ravishankar
- Materials
Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ajay Soni
- School
of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Per Eklund
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ganpati Ramanath
- Materials
Science & Engineering Department, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping
University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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5
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Wang Z, Lu H, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhang H, Yu Y. Ultrathin Flexible Encapsulation Materials Based on Al 2O 3/Alucone Nanolaminates for Improved Electrical Stability of Silicon Nanomembrane-Based MOS Capacitors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:41. [PMID: 38258160 PMCID: PMC10818618 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Ultrathin flexible encapsulation (UFE) using multilayered films has prospects for practical applications, such as implantable and wearable electronics. However, existing investigations of the effect of mechanical bending strains on electrical properties after the encapsulation procedure provide insufficient information for improving the electrical stability of ultrathin silicon nanomembrane (Si NM)-based metal oxide semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). Here, we used atomic layer deposition and molecular layer deposition to generate 3.5 dyads of alternating 11 nm Al2O3 and 3.5 nm aluminum alkoxide (alucone) nanolaminates on flexible Si NM-based MOSCAPs. Moreover, we bent the MOSCAPs inwardly to radii of 85 and 110.5 mm and outwardly to radii of 77.5 and 38.5 mm. Subsequently, we tested the unbent and bent MOSCAPs to determine the effect of strain on various electrical parameters, namely the maximum capacitance, minimum capacitance, gate leakage current density, hysteresis voltage, effective oxide charge, oxide trapped charge, interface trap density, and frequency dispersion. The comparison of encapsulated and unencapsulated MOSCAPs on these critical parameters at bending strains indicated that Al2O3/alucone nanolaminates stabilized the electrical and interfacial characteristics of the Si NM-based MOSCAPs. These results highlight that ultrathin Al2O3/alucone nanolaminates are promising encapsulation materials for prolonging the operational lifetimes of flexible Si NM-based metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanhao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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6
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Philip A, Mai L, Ghiyasi R, Devi A, Karppinen M. Low-temperature ALD/MLD growth of alucone and zincone thin films from non-pyrophoric precursors. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14508-14516. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02279f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combined atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique is emerging as a state-of-the-art synthesis route for new metal-organic thin-film materials with a multitude of properties by combining those of the inorganic...
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