1
|
Siniscalchi M, Gibson JS, Tufnail J, Swallow JEN, Lewis J, Matthews G, Karagoz B, van Spronsen MA, Held G, Weatherup RS, Grovenor CRM, Speller SC. Removal and Reoccurrence of LLZTO Surface Contaminants under Glovebox Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27230-27241. [PMID: 38752720 PMCID: PMC11145597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) solid electrolytes to form lithio-phobic species such as Li2CO3 on their surface when exposed to trace amounts of H2O and CO2 limits the progress of LLZTO-based solid-state batteries. Various treatments, such as annealing LLZTO within a glovebox or acid etching, aim at removing the surface contaminants, but a comprehensive understanding of the evolving LLZTO surface chemistry during and after these treatments is lacking. Here, glovebox-like H2O and CO2 conditions were recreated in a near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy chamber to analyze the LLZTO surface under realistic conditions. We find that annealing LLZTO at 600 °C in this atmosphere effectively removes the surface contaminants, but a significant level of contamination reappears upon cooling down. In contrast, HCl(aq) acid etching demonstrates superior Li2CO3 removal and stable surface chemistry post treatment. To avoid air exposure during the acid treatment, an anhydrous HCl solution in diethyl ether was used directly within the glovebox. This novel acid etching strategy delivers the lowest lithium/LLZTO interfacial resistance and the highest critical current density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Joshua S. Gibson
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - James Tufnail
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | | | - Jarrod Lewis
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Georg Held
- Diamond
Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Chris R. M. Grovenor
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aspinall J, Sada K, Guo H, Kotakadi S, Narayanan S, Chart Y, Jagger B, Milan E, Brassart L, Armstrong D, Pasta M. The impact of magnesium content on lithium-magnesium alloy electrode performance with argyrodite solid electrolyte. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4511. [PMID: 38802332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state lithium-based batteries offer higher energy density than their Li-ion counterparts. Yet they are limited in terms of negative electrode discharge performance and require high stack pressure during operation. To circumvent these issues, we propose the use of lithium-rich magnesium alloys as suitable negative electrodes in combination with Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte. We synthesise and characterise lithium-rich magnesium alloys, quantifying the changes in mechanical properties, transport, and surface chemistry that impact electrochemical performance. Increases in hardness, stiffness, adhesion, and resistance to creep are quantified by nanoindentation as a function of magnesium content. A decrease in diffusivity is quantified with 6Li pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, and only a small increase in interfacial impedance due to the presence of magnesium is identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which is correlated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of magnesium aids contact retention on discharge, but this must be balanced against a decrease in lithium diffusivity. We demonstrate via electrochemical testing of symmetric cells at 2.5 MPa and 30∘C that 1% magnesium content in the alloy increases the stripping capacity compared to both pure lithium and higher magnesium content alloys by balancing these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Aspinall
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Krishnakanth Sada
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Souhardh Kotakadi
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Sudarshan Narayanan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Yvonne Chart
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Ben Jagger
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Emily Milan
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Laurence Brassart
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - David Armstrong
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
- The Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seo M, Lee Y, Shin H, Kim E, Kim HS, Chung KB, Kim G, Mun BS. Effect of Bias Potential on the Interface of a Solid Electrolyte and Electrode during XPS Depth Profiling Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26922-26931. [PMID: 38718823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Depth profiling is an essential method to investigate the physical and chemical properties of a solid electrolyte and electrolyte/electrode interface. In conventional depth profiling, various spectroscopic tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) are utilized to monitor the chemical states along with ion bombardment to etch a sample. Nevertheless, the ion bombardment during depth profiling results in an inevitable systematic error, i.e., the accumulation of mobile ions at the electrolyte/electrode interface, known as the ion pile-up phenomenon. Here, we propose a novel method using bias potential, the substrate-bias method, to prevent the ion pile-up phenomena during depth profiling of a solid electrolyte. When the positive bias potential is applied on the substrate (electrode), the number of accumulating ions at the electrolyte/electrode interface is significantly reduced. The in-depth XPS analysis with the biased electrode reveals not only the suppression of the ion pile-up phenomena but also the altered chemical states at the interfacial region between the electrolyte and electrode depending on the bias. The proposed substrate-bias method can be a good alternative scheme for an efficient yet precise depth profiling technique for a solid electrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Seo
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- Center for Nano Material Technology Development, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Shin
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Center for Nano Material Technology Development, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwun-Bum Chung
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungtae Kim
- Department of Measurement & Analysis, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjin Simon Mun
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao K, Xia Y, Li H, Huang H, Iqbal S, Yousaf M, Bin Xu B, Sun W, Yan M, Pan H, Jiang Y. Oxygen-regulated spontaneous solid electrolyte interphase enabling ultra-stable solid-state Na metal batteries. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:49-58. [PMID: 37973461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state sodium metal batteries utilizing inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs) hold immense potentials such as intrinsical safety, high energy density, and environmental sustainability. However, the interfacial inhomogeneity/instability at the anode-SE interface usually triggers the penetration of sodium dendrites into the electrolyte, leading to short circuit and battery failure. Herein, confronting with the original nonuniform and high-resistance solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the Na-Na3Zr2Si2PO12 interface, an oxygen-regulated SEI innovative approach is proposed to enhance the cycling stability of anode-SEs interface, through a spontaneous reaction between the metallic sodium (containing trace amounts of oxygen) and the Na3Zr2Si2PO12 SE. The oxygen-regulated spontaneous SEI is thin, uniform, and kinetically stable to facilitate homogenous interfacial Na+ transportation. Benefitting from the optimized SEI, the assembled symmetric cell exhibits an ultra-stable sodium plating/stripping cycle for over 6600 h under a practical capacity of 3 mAh cm-2. Quasi-solid-state batteries with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode deliver excellent cyclability over 500 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C (1 C = 117 mA cm-2) with a high capacity retention of 95.4%. This oxygen-regulated SEI strategy may offer a potential avenue for the future development of high-energy-density solid-state metal batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshuang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Yufan Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Haosheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Huiqin Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Sikandar Iqbal
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Wenping Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mi Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Hongge Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yinzhu Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China; State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aktekin B, Riegger LM, Otto SK, Fuchs T, Henss A, Janek J. SEI growth on Lithium metal anodes in solid-state batteries quantified with coulometric titration time analysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6946. [PMID: 37907471 PMCID: PMC10618476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-metal batteries with a solid electrolyte separator are promising for advanced battery applications, however, most electrolytes show parasitic side reactions at the low potential of lithium metal. Therefore, it is essential to understand how much (and how fast) charge is consumed in these parasitic reactions. In this study, a new electrochemical method is presented for the characterization of electrolyte side reactions occurring on active metal electrode surfaces. The viability of this new method is demonstrated in a so-called anode-free stainless steel ∣ Li6PS5Cl ∣ Li cell. The method also holds promise for investigating dendritic lithium growth (and dead lithium formation), as well as for analyzing various electrolytes and current collectors. The experimental setup allows easy electrode removal for post-mortem analysis, and the SEI's heterogeneous/layered microstructure is revealed through complementary analytical techniques. We expect this method to become a valuable tool in the future for solid-state lithium metal batteries and potentially other cell chemistries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Aktekin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Luise M Riegger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Svenja-K Otto
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Henss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quérel E, Williams NJ, Seymour ID, Skinner SJ, Aguadero A. Operando Characterization and Theoretical Modeling of Metal|Electrolyte Interphase Growth Kinetics in Solid-State Batteries. Part I: Experiments. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:853-862. [PMID: 36818592 PMCID: PMC9933420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To harness all of the benefits of solid-state battery (SSB) architectures in terms of energy density, their negative electrode should be an alkali metal. However, the high chemical potential of alkali metals makes them prone to reduce most solid electrolytes (SE), resulting in a decomposition layer called an interphase at the metal|SE interface. Quantitative information about the interphase chemical composition and rate of formation is challenging to obtain because the reaction occurs at a buried interface. In this study, a thin layer of Na metal (Na0) is plated on the surface of an SE of the NaSICON family (Na3.4Zr2Si2.4P0.6O12 or NZSP) inside a commercial X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) system while continuously analyzing the composition of the interphase operando. We identify the existence of a solid electrolyte interphase at the Na0|NZSP interface, and more importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that this protocol can be used to study the kinetics of interphase formation. A second important outcome of this article is that the surface chemistry of NZSP samples can be tuned to improve their stability against Na0. It is demonstrated by XPS and time-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) that a native Na x PO y layer present on the surface of as-sintered NZSP samples protects their surface against decomposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Quérel
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J. Williams
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ieuan D. Seymour
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Skinner
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz 3, 28049Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vadhva P, Gill TE, Cruddos JH, Said S, Siniscalchi M, Narayanan S, Pasta M, Miller TS, Rettie AJE. Engineering Solution-Processed Non-Crystalline Solid Electrolytes for Li Metal Batteries. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:1168-1176. [PMID: 36818586 PMCID: PMC9933431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-crystalline Li-ion solid electrolytes (SEs), such as lithium phosphorus oxynitride, can uniquely enable high-rate solid-state battery operation over thousands of cycles in thin film form. However, they are typically produced by expensive and low throughput vacuum deposition, limiting their wide application and study. Here, we report non-crystalline SEs of composition Li-Al-P-O (LAPO) with ionic conductivities > 10-7 S cm-1 at room temperature made by spin coating from aqueous solutions and subsequent annealing in air. Homogenous, dense, flat layers can be synthesized with submicrometer thickness at temperatures as low as 230 °C. Control of the composition is shown to significantly affect the ionic conductivity, with increased Li and decreased P content being optimal, while higher annealing temperatures result in decreased ionic conductivity. Activation energy analysis reveals a Li-ion hopping barrier of ≈0.4 eV. Additionally, these SEs exhibit low room temperature electronic conductivity (< 10-11 S cm-1) and a moderate Young's modulus of ≈54 GPa, which may be beneficial in preventing Li dendrite formation. In contact with Li metal, LAPO is found to form a stable but high impedance passivation layer comprised of Al metal, Li-P, and Li-O species. These findings should be of value when engineering non-crystalline SEs for Li-metal batteries with high energy and power densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Vadhva
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Gill
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
| | - Joshua H. Cruddos
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
| | - Samia Said
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
| | - Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PHOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sudarshan Narayanan
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PHOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Pasta
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PHOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. E. Rettie
- Electrochemical
Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, LondonWC1E 6DH,United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution Quad One, Harwell Science
and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA,United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim S, Chart YA, Narayanan S, Pasta M. Thin Solid Electrolyte Separators for Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10176-10183. [PMID: 36524871 PMCID: PMC9801416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-sulfur battery is one of the most promising "beyond Li-ion" battery chemistries owing to its superior gravimetric energy density and low cost. Nonetheless, its commercialization has been hindered by its low cycle life due to the polysulfide shuttle and nonuniform Li-metal plating and stripping. Thin and dense solid electrolyte separators could address these issues without compromising on energy density. Here, we introduce a novel argyrodite (Li6PS5Cl)-carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) composite thin solid electrolyte separator (TSE) (<50 μm) processed by a scalable calendering technique and compatible with Li-metal. When integrated in a full cell with a commercial tape-cast sulfur cathode (3.54 mgS cm-2) in the presence of an in situ polymerized lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-polydioxolane catholyte and a 100 μm Li-metal foil anode, we demonstrate stable cycling for 50 cycles under realistic operating conditions (stack pressure of <1 MPa and 30 °C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soochan Kim
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Yvonne A. Chart
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Sudarshan Narayanan
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marchesini S, Reed BP, Jones H, Matjacic L, Rosser TE, Zhou Y, Brennan B, Tiddia M, Jervis R, Loveridge MJ, Raccichini R, Park J, Wain AJ, Hinds G, Gilmore IS, Shard AG, Pollard AJ. Surface Analysis of Pristine and Cycled NMC/Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: Addressing the Measurement Challenges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52779-52793. [PMID: 36382786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. However, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling improvement in the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavor, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterize the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age. However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilized to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of standard measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data. Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of NMC/graphite Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some key measurement issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marchesini
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Benjamen P Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Helen Jones
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Timothy E Rosser
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Yundong Zhou
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Barry Brennan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College of London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
| | - Melanie J Loveridge
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- Electrochemical Materials Group, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Juyeon Park
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Andrew J Wain
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Gareth Hinds
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effect of current density on the solid electrolyte interphase formation at the lithium∣Li 6PS 5Cl interface. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7237. [PMID: 36433957 PMCID: PMC9700819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the chemical composition and morphological evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the interface between the lithium metal electrode and an inorganic solid-state electrolyte is crucial for developing reliable all-solid-state lithium batteries. To better understand the interaction between these cell components, we carry out X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements during lithium plating on the surface of a Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte pellet using an electron beam. The analyses of the XPS data highlight the role of Li plating current density on the evolution of a uniform and ionically conductive (i.e., Li3P-rich) SEI capable of decreasing the electrode∣solid electrolyte interfacial resistance. The XPS findings are validated via electrochemical impedance spectrsocopy measurements of all-solid-state lithium-based cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
Siniscalchi M, Liu J, Gibson JS, Turrell SJ, Aspinall J, Weatherup RS, Pasta M, Speller SC, Grovenor CRM. On the Relative Importance of Li Bulk Diffusivity and Interface Morphology in Determining the Stripped Capacity of Metallic Anodes in Solid-State Batteries. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3593-3599. [PMID: 36277136 PMCID: PMC9578048 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal self-diffusion is too slow to sustain large current densities at the interface with a solid electrolyte, and the resulting formation of voids on stripping is a major limiting factor for the power density of solid-state cells. The enhanced morphological stability of some lithium alloy electrodes has prompted questions on the role of lithium diffusivity in these materials. Here, the lithium diffusivity in Li-Mg alloys is investigated by an isotope tracer method, revealing that the presence of magnesium slows down the diffusion of lithium. For large stripping currents the delithiation process is diffusion-limited, hence a lithium metal electrode yields a larger capacity than a Li-Mg electrode. However, at lower currents we explain the apparent contradiction that more lithium can be extracted from Li-Mg electrodes by showing that the alloy can maintain a more geometrically stable diffusion path to the solid electrolyte surface so that the effective lithium diffusivity is improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Joshua S. Gibson
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Turrell
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Jack Aspinall
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | | | - Chris R. M. Grovenor
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|