Anti-fatigue effect of Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Maca) on preventing mitochondria-mediated muscle damage and oxidative stress in vivo and vitro

Plant polysaccharides and antioxidant benefits for exercise performance and gut health: from molecular pathways to clinic

In the last three decades, our understanding of how exercise induces oxidative stress has significantly advanced. Plant polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers and resistant starches, have been shown to enhance exercise performance by improving energy metabolism, reducing fatigue, increasing strength and stamina, mitigating oxidative stress post-exercise, facilitating muscle recovery, and aiding in detoxification. Moreover, antioxidants found in plant-based foods play a crucial role in protecting the body against oxidative stress induced by intense physical activity. By scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage, antioxidants can improve exercise endurance, enhance recovery, and support immune function. Furthermore, the interaction between plant polysaccharides and antioxidants in the gut microbiota can lead to synergistic effects on overall health and performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on plant polysaccharides and antioxidants in relation to exercise performance and gut health.

Macamides as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Neurological Disorders

Therapeutic treatment of nervous system disorders has represented one of the significant challenges in medicine for the past several decades. Technological and medical advances have made it possible to recognize different neurological disorders, which has led to more precise identification of potential therapeutic targets, in turn leading to research into developing drugs aimed at these disorders. In this sense, recent years have seen an increase in exploration of the therapeutic effects of various metabolites extracted from Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a plant native to the central alpine region of Peru. Among the most important secondary metabolites contained in this plant are macamides, molecules derived from N-benzylamides of long-chain fatty acids. Macamides have been proposed as active drugs to treat some neurological disorders. Their excellent human tolerance and low toxicity along with neuroprotective, immune-enhancing, and and antioxidant properties make them ideal for exploration as therapeutic agents. In this review, we have compiled information from various studies on macamides, along with theories about the metabolic pathways on which they act.

Multi-omics revealed anti-fatigue property of polyphenol from areca nut

BACKGROUND

Areca nut polyphenols (AP) that extracted from areca nut, have been demonstrated for their potential of anti-fatigue effects. However, the underlying mechanisms for the anti-fatigue properties of AP has not been fully elucidated to date. Previous studies have predominantly concentrated on single aspects, such as antioxidation and anti-inflammation, yet have lacked comprehensive multi-dimensional analyses.

PURPOSE

To explore the underlying mechanism of AP in exerting anti-fatigue effects.

METHODS

In this study, we developed a chronic sleep deprivation-induced fatigue model and used physiological, hematological, and biochemical indicators to evaluate the anti- fatigue efficacy of AP. Additionally, a multi-omics approach was employed to reveal the anti-fatigue mechanisms of AP from the perspective of microbiome, metabolome, and proteome.

RESULTS

The detection of physiology, hematology and biochemistry index indicated that AP markedly alleviate mice fatigue state induced by sleep deprivation. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed the AP promoted the abundance of probiotics (Odoribacter, Dubosiella, Marvinbryantia, and Eubacterium) and suppressed harmful bacteria (Ruminococcus). On the other hand, AP was found to regulate the expression of colonic proteins, such as increases of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and mitochondrial function related proteins, including ATP5A1, ATP5O, ATP5L, ATP5H, NDUFA, NDUFB, NDUFS, and NDUFV. Serum metabolomic analysis revealed AP upregulated the levels of anti-fatigue amino acids, such as taurine, leucine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, and l-proline. Hepatic proteins express levels, especially tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (CS, SDHB, MDH2, and DLST) and redox-related proteins (SOD1, SOD2, GPX4, and PRDX3), were significantly recovered by AP administration. Spearman correlation analysis uncovered the strong correlation between microbiome, metabolome and proteome, suggesting the anti-fatigue effects of AP is attribute to the energy homeostasis and redox balance through gut-liver axis.

CONCLUSION

AP increased colonic ATP production and improve mitochondrial function by regulating gut microbiota, and further upregulated anti-fatigue amino acid levels in the blood. Based on the gut-liver axis, AP upregulated the hepatic tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidoreductase-related protein expression, regulating energy homeostasis and redox balance, and ultimately exerting anti-fatigue effects. This study provides insights into the anti-fatigue mechanisms of AP, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

The Effects of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) on Cellular Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Lepidium meyenii Walp (LmW) or Maca, including its bioactive components such as macamides, among others, has demonstrated antioxidant effects. However, the effect size (ES) of LmW on oxidative stress has not been qualitatively described and calculated. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review and qualitatively describe the studies published up to 2023 that supplemented LmW to control cellular oxidative stress; the secondary objective was to calculate the ES of the different interventions. The search was designed following the PRISMA® guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and performed in the Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE until 2023. The selection of studies included randomized controlled trials, with tests and post-tests, both in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated with the CAMARADES tool. The main variables were reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde. The analysis was conducted with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) through Hedges' g test (95% CI). Eleven studies were included in the systematic review and eight in the meta-analysis. They revealed a small effect for reduced glutathione (SMD = 0.89), a large effect for glutathione peroxidase (SMD = 0.96), a moderate effect for superoxide dismutase (SMD = 0.68), and a moderate effect for malondialdehyde (SMD = -0.53). According to the results, the phytochemical compounds of LmW effectively controlled cellular oxidative stress, mainly macamides. It was also determined that a higher dose of LmW generated a greater antioxidant effect. However, information concerning humans is scarce.

Bioguided isolation, identification and bioactivity evaluation of anti-fatigue constituents from Schizophyllum commune

This study aims to clarify the specific anti-fatigue components of Schizophyllum commune (S.commune) and analyze its potential anti-fatigue mechanism. The main anti-fatigue active ingredient of S.commune was locked in n-butanol extract (SPE-n) by activity evaluation. Twelve compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The anti-fatigue effect of morusin is the most predominant among these 12 ingredients. The determination of biochemical indices showed that morusin could increase liver glycogen reserves, improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver, and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in muscle tissue, thereby reducing myocyte damage. Further studies revealed that morusin could reduce the level of oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thus alleviating the fatigue of mice caused by exhaustive exercise. The current findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of natural anti-fatigue functional food.

Myricanol prevents aging-related sarcopenia by rescuing mitochondrial dysfunction via targeting peroxiredoxin 5

Aging is a process that represents the accumulation of changes in organism overtime. In biological level, accumulations of molecular and cellular damage in aging lead to an increasing risk of diseases like sarcopenia. Sarcopenia reduces mobility, leads to fall-related injuries, and diminishes life quality. Thus, it is meaningful to find out novel therapeutic strategies for sarcopenia intervention that may help the elderly maintain their functional ability. Oxidative damage-induced dysfunctional mitochondria are considered as a culprit of muscle wasting during aging. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate whether myricanol (MY) protects aged mice against muscle wasting through alleviating oxidative damage in mitochondria and identify the direct protein target and its underlying mechanism. We discovered that MY protects aged mice against the loss of muscle mass and strength through scavenging reactive oxygen species accumulation to rebuild the redox homeostasis. Taking advantage of biophysical assays, peroxiredoxin 5 was discovered and validated as the direct target of MY. Through activating peroxiredoxin 5, MY reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and damaged mitochondrial DNA in C2C12 myotubes. Our findings provide an insight for therapy against sarcopenia through alleviating oxidative damage-induced dysfunctional mitochondria by targeting peroxiredoxin 5, which may contribute an insight for healthy aging.

The effect of vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) extract on fatigue alleviation via improving muscle mass

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Vine Tea (VT, Ampelopsis grossedentata), boasts a venerable tradition in China, with a recorded consumption history exceeding 1200 years. Predominantly utilized by ethnic groups in southwest China, this herbal tea is celebrated for its multifaceted therapeutic attributes. Traditionally, VT has been employed to alleviate heat and remove toxins, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, soothe sore throats, lower blood pressure, and fortify bones and muscles. In the realm of functional foods derived from plant resources, VT has garnered attention for its potential in crafting anti-fatigue beverages or foods, attributed to its promising efficacy and minimal side effects. Currently, in accordance with the Food Safety Standards set forth by the Monitoring and Evaluation Department of the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China, VT serves as a raw material in various beverages.

AIM OF THE STUDY

VT has an anti-fatigue or similar effect in folk. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to VT's anti-fatigue effects remain elusive. This study endeavors to investigate the influence of Vine Tea Aqueous Extract (VTE) on fatigue mitigation and to elucidate its operative mechanisms, with the objective of developing VTE as a functional beverage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The preparation of VTE involved heat extraction and freeze-drying processes, followed by the identification of its metabolites using UPLC-QTOF-MS to ascertain the chemical composition of VTE. A fatigue model was established using a forced swimming test in mice. Potential molecular targets were identified through network pharmacology, transcriptome analysis, and molecular docking. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Western blot techniques were employed to assess mRNA and protein expressions related to the AMPK and FoxO pathways.

RESULTS

VTE significantly prolonged the duration of swimming time in an exhaustive swimming test in a dose-dependent manner, while simultaneously reducing the concentrations of blood lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), and creatine kinase (CK). Notably, the performance of the high-dose VTE group surpassed that of the well-recognized ginsenoside. VTE demonstrated a regulatory effect akin to ginsenoside on the AMPK energy metabolism pathway and induced downregulation in the expression of Gadd45α, Cdkn1a, FOXO1, and Fbxo32 genes, suggesting an enhancement in skeletal muscle mass. These findings indicate that VTE can improve energy metabolism and muscle mass concurrently.

CONCLUSIONS

VTE exhibits significant anti-fatigue effects, and its mechanism is intricately linked to the modulation of the AMPK and FoxO pathways. Crucially, no caffeine or other addictive substances with known side effects were detected in VTE. Consequently, vine tea shows substantial promise as a natural resource for the development of anti-fatigue beverages within the food industry.

PI3K/Akt/FoxO Pathway Mediates Antagonistic Toxicity in HepG2 Cells Coexposed to Deoxynivalenol and Enniatins

The emerging mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) and the traditional mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) often co-contaminate various grain raw materials and foods. While the liver is their common target organ, the mechanism of their combined effect remains unclear. In this study, the combined cytotoxic effects of four ENNs (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) with DON and their mechanisms were investigated using the HepG2 cell line. Additionally, a population exposure risk assessment of these mycotoxins was performed by using in vitro experiments and computer simulations. The results showed that only ENA at 1/4 IC50 and ENB1 at 1/8 IC50 coexposed with DON showed an additive effect, while ENB showed the strongest antagonism at IC50 (CI = 3.890). Co-incubation of ENNs regulated the signaling molecule levels which were disrupted by DON. Transcriptome analysis showed that ENB (IC50) up-regulated the PI3K/Akt/FoxO signaling pathway and inhibited the expression of apoptotic genes (Bax, P53, Caspase 3, etc.) via phosphorylation of FoxO, thereby reducing the cytotoxic effects caused by DON. Both types of mycotoxins posed serious health risks, and the cumulative risk of coexposure was particularly important for emerging mycotoxins.

Camellia oil exhibits anti-fatigue property by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice

Camellia seed oil (CO) has high nutritional value and multiple bioactivities. However, the specific anti-fatigue characteristics and the implied mechanism of CO have not yet been fully elucidated. Throughout this investigation, male C57BL/6J mice, aged 8 weeks, underwent exhaustive exercise with or without CO pretreatment (2, 4, and 6 mL/kg BW) for 28 days. CO could extend the rota-rod and running time, reduce blood urea nitrogen levels and serum lactic acid, and increase muscle and hepatic glycogen, adenosine triphosphate, and anti-oxidative indicators. Additionally, CO could upregulate the mRNA and Nrf2 protein expression levels, as well as enhance the levels of its downstream antioxidant enzymes and induce the myofiber-type transformation from fast to slow and attenuate the gut mechanical barrier. Moreover, CO could ameliorate gut dysbiosis by reducing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level, increasing the percentage of Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae, and decreasing the proportion of Dubosiella at the genus level. In addition, specific bacterial taxa, which were altered by CO, showed a significant correlation with partial fatigue-related parameters. These findings suggest that CO may alleviate fatigue by regulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber transformation, gut mechanical barrier, and gut microbial composition in mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our study revealed that camellia seed oil (CO) could ameliorate exercise-induced fatigue in mice by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice. Our results promote the application of CO as an anti-fatigue functional food that targets oxidative stress, myofiber-type transformation, and microbial community.

Kaempferol Improves Exercise Performance by Regulating Glucose Uptake, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Protein Synthesis via PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid with reported bioactivities found in many fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. However, its effects on exercise performance and muscle metabolism remain inconclusive. The present study investigated kaempferol's effects on improving exercise performance and potential mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. The grip strength, exhaustive running time, and distance of mice were increased in the high-dose kaempferol group (p < 0.01). Also, kaempferol reduced fatigue-related biochemical markers and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) related to antioxidant capacity. Kaempferol also increased the glycogen and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the liver and skeletal muscle, as well as glucose in the blood. In vitro, kaempferol promoted glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial function and decreased oxidative stress in both 2D and 3D C2C12 myotube cultures. Moreover, kaempferol activated the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways in the C2C12 cells. It also upregulated the key targets of glucose uptake, mitochondrial function, and protein synthesis. These findings suggest that kaempferol improves exercise performance and alleviates physical fatigue by increasing glucose uptake, mitochondrial biogenesis, and protein synthesis and by decreasing ROS. Kaempferol's molecular mechanism may be related to the regulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.

Exploring the chemical and pharmacological variability of Lepidium meyenii: a comprehensive review of the effects of maca

Maca (Lepidium meyenii), a biennial herbaceous plant indigenous to the Andes Mountains, has a rich history of traditional use for its purported health benefits. Maca's chemical composition varies due to ecotypes, growth conditions, and post-harvest processing, contributing to its intricate phytochemical profile, including, macamides, macaenes, and glucosinolates, among other components. This review provides an in-depth revision and analysis of Maca's diverse bioactive metabolites, focusing on the pharmacological properties registered in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Maca is generally safe, with rare adverse effects, supported by preclinical studies revealing low toxicity and good human tolerance. Preclinical investigations highlight the benefits attributed to Maca compounds, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, immunoregulation, and antioxidant effects. Maca has also shown potential for enhancing fertility, combating fatigue, and exhibiting potential antitumor properties. Maca's versatility extends to metabolic regulation, gastrointestinal health, cardio protection, antihypertensive activity, photoprotection, muscle growth, hepatoprotection, proangiogenic effects, antithrombotic properties, and antiallergic activity. Clinical studies, primarily focused on sexual health, indicate improved sexual desire, erectile function, and subjective wellbeing in men. Maca also shows promise in alleviating menopausal symptoms in women and enhancing physical performance. Further research is essential to uncover the mechanisms and clinical applications of Maca's unique bioactive metabolites, solidifying its place as a subject of growing scientific interest.

Polysaccharides derived from natural edible and medicinal sources as agents targeting exercise-induced fatigue: A review

Exercise-induced fatigue (EF) is a common occurrence during prolonged endurance and excessive exercise and is mainly caused by energy depletion, harmful metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. EF usually leads to a reduction in initiating or maintaining spontaneous activities and muscle performance and ultimately results in a decrease in the quality of life of people who engage in physical work. Therefore, the interest in investigating EF-targeting agents with minimal side effects and good long-term efficacy has substantially increased. Natural edible and medicinal polysaccharides have shown positive anti-EF effects, but the relevant reviews are rare. This review comprehensively summarizes studies on natural polysaccharides from edible and medicinal sources that can relieve EF and improve physical performance from the past decade, focusing on their sources, monosaccharide compositions, anti-EF effects, and possible molecular mechanisms. Most of these anti-EF polysaccharides are heteropolysaccharides and are mainly composed of glucose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, and mannose. In EF animal models, the polysaccharides exert positive EF-alleviating effects through energy supply, metabolic regulation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and gut microbiota remodeling. However, further studies are still needed to clarify the anti-EF effects of these polysaccharides on human beings. In summary, the present review expects to provide scientific data for the future research and development of natural polysaccharide-based anti-EF drugs, dietary supplements, and health-care products for specific fatigue groups.

Effects of Black Maca supplement on isokinetics muscular performance of elite women's handball players: placebo-controlled, crossover study

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in isokinetic muscular performance among female adolescent elite handball athletes with the supplementation of Black Maca (BM).

Methods

Eight elite handball athletes were recruited for the present study. The intake capsules contained 2,500 mg of 100% concentrated BM extract and a placebo each, for 4 weeks. Isokinetic muscular performance and physical fitness were measured three times at 4-week intervals after the intake of BM and placebo, including baseline.

Results

The one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis showed a significant improvement in 20 m-shuttle run (P < 0.001), 30°/s flexor (P < 0.01), and 120°/s flexor (P < 0.01) in isokinetic muscle function of the trunk, and 180°/s right extensor (P < 0.05), 180°/s left extensor (P < 0.05), and 180°/s left flexor (P < 0.01) in isokinetic muscle function of the knee, after BM supplementation. Post-hoc analysis indicated that the BM group had significantly higher results compared to the baseline and placebo groups in terms of 20 m-shuttle run, 30°/s flexor and 120°/s flexor of the trunk, 180°/s right extensor, 180°/s left extensor, and 180°/s left flexor of the knee.

Conclusion

BM supplementation can have a positive effect on improving the performance of elite handball players who engage in high-intensity movements by enhancing their isokinetic muscle function and endurance.

Structural properties of Kudzu protein enzymatic hydrolysate and its repair effect on HepG2 cells damaged by H2O2 oxidation

We investigated the structural properties, foaming capacity and foaming stability, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition of Kudzu protein (KP) and Kudzu protein hydrolysate (KPH). The peptide sequence of KPH was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the binding ability of the peptide sequence to Keap1 was predicted through molecular docking simulations. The electrophoresis and molecular weight distribution analysis results showed that the molecular weight of KPH was significantly lower than that of KP, with a mean molecular weight of approximately 2000-5000 Da. The structures and properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, relative fluorescence, and circular dichroism. The results showed that KP exposed a large number of hydrophobic groups after enzymatic hydrolysis, and its structure changed from α-helical to random coils. KPH has a higher foaming capacity (200%) and foaming stability (97.5%) than KP, which may be related to the change in structure. These results indicate that moderate hydrolysis can improve the functional properties of KP, providing a new opportunity for its application as a food ingredient. The antioxidant assay results showed that KP and KPH had a good hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacity and a high reducing capacity. KPH exerted better antioxidant effects than KP. The scavenging rates for DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions were 89.31%, 93.14%, 85.74%, and 58.29%, respectively, and its reducing capacity was 2.191, which may be related to the increase in amino acids with antioxidant activity after enzymolysis. In vitro, KP and KPH could significantly repair H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells, reduce the apoptosis rate, activate the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway, reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde after oxidative damage, increase the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and increase the content of GSH and the total antioxidant capacity. Twenty-one peptide components were identified in KPH using UPLC-MS/MS, and the binding ability of 21 peptide components to Keap1 was analyzed through molecular docking technology. The results showed that all 21 peptides in KPH had good antioxidant activity, and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to further explain the high antioxidant activity of KPH at the genetic level. These results show that KP and KPH are suitable for preparing antioxidant foods and related health foods to prevent oxidation-related diseases. KPH has more beneficial effects than KP.

Effect of Yeast-Derived Peptides on Skeletal Muscle Function and Exercise-Induced Fatigue in C2C12 Myotube Cells and ICR Mice

In our previous study, the antioxidant peptides (XHY69AP, AP-D, YPLP, and AGPL) were obtained from potential probiotic yeast (Yamadazyma triangularis XHY69), which was selected by our lab from dry-cured ham. This work aimed to explore the effects of yeast-derived peptides on skeletal muscle function and muscle fatigue. Results showed that yeast-derived peptides up-regulated slow-twitch fiber expression and down-regulated fast-twitch fiber expression in C2C12 cells (p < 0.05). The peptides improved mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate generation, and expression of cytochrome-relative genes, thus promoting mitochondrial function. Among these peptides, YPLP up-regulated the relative gene expression of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and activated AMPK by phosphorylation. Moreover, YPLP could prolong treadmill time, increase muscle and liver glycogen contents, reduce lactic acid and urea nitrogen contents, and alleviate muscle tissue injury in ICR exercise mice. These results demonstrate that yeast-derived peptides could change the muscle fiber composition, improve muscle function, and relieve muscle fatigue.

Dietary Polysaccharides Exert Anti-Fatigue Functions via the Gut-Muscle Axis: Advances and Prospectives

Due to today's fast-paced lifestyle, most people are in a state of sub-health and face "unexplained fatigue", which can seriously affect their health, work efficiency, and quality of life. Fatigue is also a common symptom of several serious diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cancer, etc. However, the contributing mechanisms are not clear, and there are currently no official recommendations for the treatment of fatigue. Some dietary polysaccharides are often used as health care supplements; these have been reported to have specific anti-fatigue effects, with minor side effects and rich pharmacological activities. Dietary polysaccharides can be activated during food processing or during gastrointestinal transit, exerting unique effects. This review aims to comprehensively summarize and evaluate the latest advances in the biological processes of exercise-induced fatigue, to understand dietary polysaccharides and their possible molecular mechanisms in alleviating exercise-induced fatigue, and to systematically elaborate the roles of gut microbiota and the gut-muscle axis in this process. From the perspective of the gut-muscle axis, investigating the relationship between polysaccharides and fatigue will enhance our understanding of fatigue and may lead to a significant breakthrough regarding the molecular mechanism of fatigue. This paper will provide new perspectives for further research into the use of polysaccharides in food science and food nutrition, which could help develop potential anti-fatigue agents and open up novel therapies for sub-health conditions.

Anti-fatigue effect of tormentic acid through alleviating oxidative stress and energy metabolism-modulating property in C2C12 cells and animal models

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals that accelerate inflammatory responses and exacerbate fatigue. Tormentic acid (TA) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aim of present study is to determine the fatigue-regulatory effects of TA in H₂O₂-stimulated myoblast cell line, C2C12 cells and treadmill stress test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) animal models.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In the in vitro study, C2C12 cells were pretreated with TA before stimulation with H₂O₂. Then, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glycogen, and cell viability were analyzed. In the in vivo study, the ICR male mice were administered TA or distilled water orally daily for 28 days. FST and TST were then performed on the last day. In addition, biochemical analysis of the serum, muscle, and liver was performed.

RESULTS

TA dose-dependently alleviated the levels of MDA, LDH, CK activity, TNF-α, and IL-6 in H₂O₂-stimulated C2C12 cells without affecting the cytotoxicity. TA increased the SOD and CAT activities and the glycogen levels in H₂O₂-stimulated C2C12 cells. In TST and FST animal models, TA decreased the FST immobility time significantly while increasing the TST exhaustion time without weight fluctuations. The in vivo studies showed that the levels of SOD, CAT, citrate synthase, glycogen, and free fatty acid were increased by TA administration, whereas TA significantly reduced the levels of glucose, MDA, LDH, lactate, CK, inflammatory cytokines, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and cortisol compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

TA improves fatigue by modulating oxidative stress and energy metabolism in C2C12 cells and animal models. Therefore, we suggest that TA can be a powerful substance in healthy functional foods and therapeutics to improve fatigue.

Phyllanthi Fructus: A modal medicinal and food homologous item in quality evaluation

Phyllanthi Fructus is a highly unique medicine and food homologous item, which exhibits distinctive flavor, notable nutritional value, and abundant pharmacological activity. It has enormous potential in the creation of health products and pharmaceuticals. However, due to the unique laws of quality formation and transfer of Phyllanthi Fructus, its appearance, shape, chemical compositions, nutrients, and sensory flavors are frequently greatly influenced by botanical resources, the processing and storage conditions. As a result, the current quality evaluation model is difficult to meet the needs of Phyllanthi Fructus as a medicine and food homologous item in the development of diversified products. This paper constructs the hierarchical utilization mode of Phyllanthi Fructus based on its unique quality formation and transmission laws, explores the quality evaluation model for food-oriented use and medicinal-oriented use, respectively, and systematically describes the quality evaluation idea under diversified application scenarios. This paper aims to serve as a reference for the construction of a quality evaluation model suitable for the medicine and food homologous item of Phyllanthi Fructus.

Anti-fatigue Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicines: A Review

A third of the world's population suffers from unexplained fatigue, hugely impacting work learning, efficiency, and health. The fatigue development may be a concomitant state of a disease or the side effect of a drug, or muscle fatigue induced by intense exercise. However, there are no authoritative guides or clinical medication recommendations for various fatigue classifications. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are used as dietary supplements or healthcare products with specific anti-fatigue effects. Thus, TCM may be a potential treatment for fatigue. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of fatigue, awareness of fatigue in Chinese and western medicine, pharmacodynamics mechanism, and substances. Additionally, we offer a comprehensive summary of fatigue and forecast the potential effect of novel herbal-based medicines against fatigue.

Tissue-specific effects of exercise as NAD+ -boosting strategy: Current knowledge and future perspectives

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺ ) is an evolutionarily highly conserved coenzyme with multi-faceted cell functions, including energy metabolism, molecular signaling processes, epigenetic regulation, and DNA repair. Since the discovery that lower NAD⁺ levels are a shared characteristic of various diseases and aging per se, several NAD⁺ -boosting strategies have emerged. Other than pharmacological and nutritional approaches, exercise is thought to restore NAD⁺ homeostasis through metabolic adaption to chronically recurring states of increased energy demand. In this review we discuss the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on tissue-specific NAD⁺ metabolism of rodents and humans to highlight the potential value as NAD⁺ -boosting strategy. By interconnecting results from different investigations, we aim to draw attention to tissue-specific alterations in NAD⁺ metabolism and the associated implications for whole-body NAD⁺ homeostasis. Acute exercise led to profound alterations of intracellular NAD⁺ metabolism in various investigations, with the magnitude and direction of changes being strongly dependent on the applied exercise modality, cell type, and investigated animal model or human population. Exercise training elevated NAD⁺ levels and NAD⁺ metabolism enzymes in various tissues. Based on these results, we discuss molecular mechanisms that might connect acute exercise-induced disruptions of NAD⁺ /NADH homeostasis to chronic exercise adaptions in NAD⁺ metabolism. Taking this hypothesis-driven approach, we hope to inspire future research on the molecular mechanisms of exercise as NAD⁺ -modifying lifestyle intervention, thereby elucidating the potential therapeutic value in NAD⁺ -related pathologies.

A comparative study of the chloroplast genomes of five Lepidium species with high medicinal value

Plantgenomics is a rapidly developing field in medicinal plant research. This study analysed the relevant information of chloroplasts genome sequences of five medicinal plants from the genus Lepidium . We sequenced the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of Lepidium apetalum Willd. and Lepidium perfoliatum Linnaeus., and assessed their genetic profiles against the reported profiles of Lepidium sativum Linnaeus., Lepidium meyenii Walp., and Lepidium virginicum Linn. We found that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum possessed 130 distinct genes that included 85 protein-coding, 37 transfer RNA (tRNA), and eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Our repeat analyses revealed that L. apetalum harboured 20 direct repeats, 16 palindrome repeats, 30 tandem repeats, and 87 simple sequence repeats, whereas, L. perfoliatum had 15 direct repeats, 20 palindrome repeats, four reverse repeats, 21 tandem repeats, and 98 simple sequence repeats. Using syntenic analysis, we also revealed a high degree of sequence similarity within the coding regions of Lepidium medicinal plant cp genomes, and a high degree of divergence among the intergenic spacers. Pairwise alignment and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) examinations further revealed certain Lepidium -specific gene fragments. Codon usage analysis showed that codon 14 was the most frequently used codon in the Lepidium coding sequences. Further, correlation investigations suggest that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum originate from similar genetic backgrounds. Analysis of codon usage bias of Lepidium cp genome was strongly influenced by mutation and natural selection. We showed that L. apetalum and L. perfoliatum will likely enhance breeding, species recognition, phylogenetic evolution, and cp genetic engineering of the Lepidium medicinal plants.

Polysaccharides from apple pomace exhibit anti-fatigue activity through increasing glycogen content

The polysaccharides were isolated from apple pomace by hot-water extraction, and their anti-fatigue activity was evaluated in C2C12 muscle myoblasts and male Kunming mice. The purified polysaccharides from apple pomace (PAP) have a molecular weight of 1.74 × 105 Da and were composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and arabinose. In C2C12 myoblasts, PAP showed no cytotoxicity in the concentrations of 0-300 μg/ml. PAP treatment increased the glycogen content, while the ATP content was not affected in C2C12 myoblasts. Further investigation found that the activity and gene expression of glycogen synthase, rather than glycogen phosphorylase, were upregulated by PAP treatment. The studies in vivo showed that PAP treatment did not affect the food intake and weight again in mice. Importantly, PAP prolonged the exhaustive swimming time, increased hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and effectively inhibited the accumulation of blood lactic and blood urea nitrogen in mice. Taken together, the results suggested that PAP exhibit anti-fatigue activity in vitro and in vivo through increasing glycogen content.

Red ginseng extract improves skeletal muscle energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in chronic fatigue mice

Background: Skeletal muscles are organs with high energy requirements, especially during vigorous exercise. Adequate mitochondrial function is essential to meet the high energy needs of skeletal muscle cells. Recent studies have reported that red ginseng can significantly improve chronic fatigue; however, the specific mechanism of action is still not clear. Methods: A chronic fatigue syndrome mouse model was developed using C57BL/6J mice through long-term compound stimulation of stress factors. Following this, the animals were orally administered 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extracts for 28 days. Skeletal muscle lactate acid, serum lactate dehydrogenase, urea concentrations, ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase were determined using assay kits or an automatic biochemical analyser detection system. Skeletal muscle mitochondria morphology was observed using electron microscopy and the expression of p-AMPK, PGC-1α, ACO2 and complex I in skeletal muscle protein was determined by western blotting. Results: Oral administration of 400 or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extract in mice with chronic fatigue reduced lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase and urea, rescued the density and morphology of skeletal muscle mitochondria, increased the activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase, and activated the AMPK/PGC-1α cascade pathway, resulting in improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by restoring ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I and mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion: The anti-fatigue effects of red ginseng are partly related to its potent mitochondrial improving activity, including decreasing mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane permeability, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, thus ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction.

Deciphering the potential role of Maca compounds prescription influencing gut microbiota in the management of exercise-induced fatigue by integrative genomic analysis

A growing number of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals have been utilized for millennia as anti-fatigue supplements in folk medicine. However, the anti-fatigue mechanism underlying is still far from being clearly explained. The aim of the study is to explore the underlying mechanism of the Maca compound preparation (MCP), a prescription for management of exercise-induced fatigue. In this study, mice weight-loaded swimming test was used to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of MCP. MCP significantly improved the forelimb grip strength and Rota-rod test in behavioral tests via regulating energy metabolism. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed MCP can regulate the intestinal flora at the genus level by increasing several beneficial bacteria (i.e., Lactobacillus, Akkermansia and etc.), and decreasing the harmful bacteria (i.e., Candidatus_Planktophila and Candidatus_Arthromitus), where notable high relevance was observed between the fatigue-related biomarkers and fecal microbiota. The results of microbial function analysis suggested that MCP might improve exercise-induced fatigue by enhancing energy metabolism, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides and breakdown of amino acid metabolism. In addition, and H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress model on C2C12 cells was employed to further validate the regulation of MCP on energy metabolisms. MCP pre-treatment significantly reduced intracellular ROS accumulation, and increased glycogen content, ATP generation capacity and mitochondrial membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells, as well as conferred anti-cell necrosis ability. In conclusion, MCP plays a key role in regulating fatigue occurrence in exercising and gut microbiota balance, which may be of particular importance in the case of manual workers or sub-healthy populations.

Metabolites of medicine food homology-derived endophytic fungi and their activities

Medicine food homology (MFH) substances not only provide essential nutrients as food but also have corresponding factors that can prevent and help treat nutritional imbalances, chronic disease, and other related issues. Endophytic fungi associated with plants have potential for use in drug discovery and food therapy. However, the endophytic fungal metabolites from MFH plants and their effects have been overlooked. Therefore, this review focuses on the various biological activities of 108 new metabolites isolated from 53 MFH-derived endophytic fungi. The paper explores the potential nutritional and medicinal value of metabolites of MFH-derived endophytic fungi for food and medical applications. This research is important for the future development of effective, safe, and nontoxic therapeutic nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of human diseases.

Antifatigue effect of naringin on improving antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function and preventing muscle damage

The aim of this study was to explore effects of naringin (Nar) on antifatigue ability; the weight-loaded and non-loading swimming tests were performed. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of Nar significantly prolonged the weight-loaded swimming time to exhaustion of mice (P < 0.01). Nar significantly reduced the serum lactic acid (LD) level (P < 0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (P < 0.001), while increased the serum non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) level (P < 0.001). In addition, Nar significantly increased the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents (P < 0.05) and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (P < 0.01) and glucokinase (GCK) mRNA levels (P < 0.001) in liver and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscle. Furthermore, Nar significantly improved the antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, and muscle mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (P < 0.05), and decreased inflammation and muscle damage-related gene expression (P < 0.05). These findings suggested that Nar can improve antifatigue effect by enhancing antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function and preventing muscle damage.

Brassica rapa L. (Tibetan turnip) prevents sleep-deprivation induced cognitive deficits via the inhibition of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial depolarization

Brassica rapa L., an edible, feeding and medicinal plant cultivated on the Tibetan plateau with altitudes above 3800 m, has several pharmacological effects. However, its therapeutic effects against memory impairment and central fatigue have yet to be conclusively established. In this study, the Y-maze and Morris water maze tasks revealed that Brassica rapa L. aqueous extract (BE) significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits of sleep deprivation (SD)-treated mice. Moreover, BE treatment partially alleviated SD-induced reductions in the levels of peripheral energy metabolism, and significantly decreased inflammatory factor levels in serum and hippocampus. In addition, BE treatment significantly relieved central fatigue and stabilized the excitability as well as activities of neurons by regulating the levels of hypothalamus tryptophan metabolites and striatum neurotransmitters. The neuroprotective effects of BE were also confirmed using glutamate-treated HT22 cells, whereby BE pretreatment significantly attenuated intracellular ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization via adenosine 5'-monophosphate activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (AMPK/PPAR-γ) signaling pathways. Thus, BE might probably prevent SD-induced learning and memory deficits by inhibiting neuroinflammation and restoring mitochondrial energy metabolism in the hippocampus. These findings imply that BE is a potential complementary therapy for those suffering from deficient sleep or neurometabolic disorders, although this needs verification by prospective clinical studies.

Pharmaceutical Potential of High-Altitude Plants for Fatigue-Related Disorders: A Review

Natural plants from plateaus have been the richest source of secondary metabolites extensively used in traditional and modern health care systems. They were submitted to years of natural selection, co-evolved within that habitat, and show significant anti-fatigue-related pharmacological effects. However, currently, no review on high-altitude plants with anti-fatigue related properties has been published yet. This study summarized several Chinese traditional high-altitude plants, including Rhodiola rosea L., Crocus sativus L., Lepidium meyenii W., Hippophaerhamnoides L., which are widely used in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountains, as well as herbal markets in the plains. Based on phytopharmacology studies, deeper questions can be further revealed regarding how these plants regulate fatigue and related mental or physical disease conditions. Many active derivatives in high-altitude medical plants show therapeutic potential for the management of fatigue and related disorders. Therefore, high-altitude plants significantly relieve central or peripheral fatigue by acting as neuroprotective agents, energy supplements, metabolism regulators, antioxidant, and inflammatory response inhibitors. Their applications on the highland or flatland and prospects in natural medicine are further forecast, which may open treatments to reduce or prevent fatigue-related disorders in populations with sub-optimal health.

Physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates from wild jujube seed

Wild jujube seed protein (WJSP) as one kind of functional food material has attracted much attention due to its highly nutritive and medicinal value in anti-inflammatory and improving immunomodulatory ability. However, owing to its large molecular weight and complex structure, biological activities of WJSP were greatly limited and cannot be fully utilized by the human body. Therefore, how to improve the bioavailability of WJSP and develop promising WJSP nutritious materials is a great challenge. In this work, wild jujube seed protein hydrolysates (WJSPHs) were prepared from WJSP via enzymatic hydrolysis method, and their physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro have been investigated for the first time. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatographic results indicate that WJSPHs have lower molecular weight distribution (< 5,000 Da) than WJSP. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results illustrated that random coil is the main secondary structure of WJSPHs. Antioxidant experiments indicate that WJSPHs exhibit high radicals-scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (94.60%), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS⁺ ) radicals (90.84%), superoxide radicals (44.77%), and hydroxyl radicals (47.77%). In vitro, WJSPHs can significantly decrease the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in HepG2 cells. Moreover, ACE activity was found that can be significantly inhibited by WJSPHs (73.02%). Therefore, all previously mentioned results suggest that WJSPHs may be a promising antioxidant food to prevent oxidative-related diseases in future. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study shows that WJSPHs exhibit high antioxidant activity and ACE inhibitory activity in vitro, which provide potential application value as antioxidant peptides to prevent oxidative-related diseases.

Network Pharmacology Exploration Reveals Gut Microbiota Modulation as a Common Therapeutic Mechanism for Anti-Fatigue Effect Treated with Maca Compounds Prescription

Maca compounds prescription (MCP) is a common botanical used in dietary supplements, primarily to treat exercise-induced fatigue. The aim of this study is to elucidate the multi-target mechanism of MCP on fatigue management via network pharmacology and gut microbiota analysis. Databases and literature were used to screen the chemical compounds and targets of MCP. Subsequently, 120 active ingredients and 116 fatigue-related targets played a cooperative role in managing fatigue, where several intestine-specific targets indicated the anti-fatigue mechanism of MCP might be closely related to its prebiotics of intestinal bacteria. Thus, forced swimming tests (FSTs) were carried and mice fecal samples were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Gut microbiota were beneficially regulated in the MCP-treated group in phylum, genus and OTU levels, respectively, and that with a critical correlation included Lactobacillus and Candidatus Planktophila. The results systematically reveal that MCP acts against fatigue on multi-targets with different ingredients and reshapes the gut microbial ecosystem.

A Novel Formula Comprising Wolfberry, Figs, White Lentils, Raspberries, and Maca (WFWRM) Induced Antifatigue Effects in a Forced Exercise Mouse Model

Long-term body fatigue poses a threat to human health. To explore novel sources of antifatigue medicine and food, we developed a novel formula composed of wolfberry, figs, white lentils, raspberries, and maca (WFWRM) according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we explored whether the administration of the WFWRM relieves fatigue. Thirty male Kunming mice were divided into three groups, which received either intragastric administration of saline, vitamin C (100 mg/kg), or WFWRM (1.00 g/kg) every day. After 30 days of treatment, all mice exhaustively performed weight-bearing swimming. Another ten mice that did not perform swimming were treated with saline for 30 days and used as sedentary control. The antifatigue effect and biochemical oxidation phenomena were assessed in the exercise-exhausted model and sedentary controls. The histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues of mice were observed by performing hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. After 30 days of oral administration, the liver and kidney tissues of mice were healthy and show no pathological changes. Compared to the fatigue model group, WFWRM significantly increased the rota-rod time of the mice. Also, the concentrations of lactic acid (LA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the WFWRM group significantly reduced. On the contrary, the levels of hepatic glycogen (LG), muscle glycogen (MG), and serum glucose (GLU) increased in the WFWRM group. Besides, WFWRM markedly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) but increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the concentrations of the sources of energy (LG, MG, and GLU) significantly correlated with those of metabolites (BLA, BUN, CK, and LDH) and antioxidant levels (SOD, GSH-PX, and MDA). Overall, our results suggested that the supplementation of WFWRM could improve exercise capacity and relieve fatigue probably by normalizing energy metabolism and attenuating oxidation.

The macamide relieves fatigue by acting as inhibitor of inflammatory response in exercising mice: From central to peripheral

Macamides are the major and unique bioactive compounds of Lepidium meyenii (Walp.) or Maca. N-benzyl-(9Z, 12Z)-octadecadienamide (N-benzyl-linoleamide) is one of the most biologically active macamides with various pharmacological activities - anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-tumoral activities, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. In this study, the anti-fatigue properties of N-benzyl-(9Z, 12Z)-octadecadienamide were further evaluated by a weight-loaded forced swimming test. Results indicated N-benzyl-(9Z, 12Z)-octadecadienamide supplementation increased the forelimb grip strength of mice and exercising time remaining on the Rota-rod test. Furthermore, significant decreases in pro-inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents were observed in mice receiving N-benzyl-(9Z, 12Z)-octadecadienamide treatment after a 30 min swimming test, which was equivalent to that of caffeine. Histological analysis also indicated that N-benzyl-(9Z, 12Z)-octadecadienamide attenuated damage to the liver in mice by up-regulating the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and inhibiting the expression of Interleukin (IL)-1β during exercise. Pearson correlation analysis suggested peripheral fatigue indexes, including energy sources, metabolites were significantly correlated with inflammatory factors and ROS levels. Likewise, central fatigue parameters are also associated, including hippocampal inflammatory response and hypothalamic neurotransmitters. Hence, macamides can be considered to have great potential as a natural drug with high efficiency and low side effects for fatigue management.

Effects of Two Polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation in vitro

In our previous studies, two polysaccharides (MC-1 and MC-2) were identified in the roots of maca (Lepidium meyenii). In this study, the effects of these two polysaccharides on intestinal immunity...

A review of the study of active components and their pharmacology value in Lepidium meyenii (Maca)

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) contains several active components, including alkaloids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and sterols, which make it have the traditional therapeutic uses. In this paper, we summarized the analytical progress of the active components associated with alkaloids, polysaccharides, glucosinolates, sterols, free fatty acids, flavonoids, and natural phenols in Maca by mass spectrometry (MS). Due to the effect of color and type on active components in Maca, we summarized the study of quality evaluation about Maca according to the type and the content of active components such as glucosinolates, essential oils, macamides, and macaenes by MS. Additionally, the research on the change of active components in Maca at different growth stages by MS will be beneficial to full utilization of active components in Maca and other natural resources. We reviewed the study in the visible distribution of amino acids, amide alkaloids, imidazolium alkaloids, and saccharides in Maca by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). We also reviewed the pharmacology value associated with improvement of reproductive function, anti-stress response, anti-osteoporosis, antitumor activity, clinical research and toxicity of Maca, and so forth. Nevertheless, due to individual differences and limitations of the subjects, further high-quality studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of the plant.