Exposure to oxidized soybean oil induces mammary mitochondrial injury in lactating rats and alters the intestinal barrier function of progeny

Effects of adding bile acids to dietary storage japonica brown rice on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota of growing-finishing Min pigs

Introduction

This study investigated the effects of storage japonica brown rice (SJBR) and bile acids (BA) on the growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota of growing-finishing Min pigs.

Methods

A total of 24 healthy Min pigs with a similar body weight of 42.25 ± 2.13 kg were randomly divided into three groups with eight replicates of one pig each. The groups were as follows: CON (50% corn), SJBR (25% corn +25% SJBR), and SJBR + BA (25% corn +25% SJBR +0.025% hyodeoxycholic acid). The experimental period lasted from day 90 (the end of the nursery phase) to day 210 (the end of the finishing phase).

Results

The results showed the following: (1) Compared with the CON group, there was no significant difference in the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the SJBR and SJBR + BA groups, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). (2) Compared with the CON group, the total protein (TP) content in the serum was significantly increased, and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the SJBR and SJBR + BA groups; moreover, HDL-C was significantly higher by 35% (p < 0.05) in the SJBR + BA group. (3) There were no significant differences in carcass weight, carcass length, pH, drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force among the groups; the eye muscle area was significantly increased in the SJBR group compared with the CON group (p < 0.05); back fat thickness was significantly decreased in the SJBR + BA group compared with the SJBR group (p < 0.05); and the addition of SJBR significantly increased the mRNA expression of MyHC I in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of growing-finishing Min pigs (p < 0.05). (4) The cecal bacteria were detected using 16S rDNA, and the proportion of Lactobacillus was increased gradually at the genus level, but there was no significant difference among the different groups.

Conclusion

In conclusion, 25% SJBR can improve the growth performance and increase the abundance of intestinal beneficial bacteria, and based on this, adding bile acids can reduce the back fat thickness of growing-finishing Min pigs.

Dietary Resveratrol Ameliorates Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism and Jejunal Barrier in Offspring Induced by Maternal Oxidized Soybean Oil Challenge

Increasing evidence indicates that maternal exposure to oxidized soybean oil (OSO) causes damage to the mother and offspring. The antioxidant resveratrol (Res) has a variety of health benefits. However, the protective effect of Res on mitigating offspring damage after maternal exposure to OSO and its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Res on hepatic fatty acid metabolism and the jejunal barrier in suckling piglets after maternal OSO exposure. A total of 18 sows in late gestation were randomly assigned to three treatments. The sows were fed with a fresh soybean oil (FSO) diet, an OSO diet, or the OSO diet supplemented with 300 mg/kg Res (OSO + Res), respectively. The results showed that maternal supplementation of Res restored the mRNA levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in suckling piglets' livers under the OSO challenge. Moreover, the OSO + Res group restored the mRNA levels of occludin and claudin 4 in suckling piglet jejunum compared with the results of the OSO challenges. In summary, supplementation with Res improves hepatic fatty acid metabolism and intestinal barrier function of suckling piglets after maternal OSO challenge during late gestation and lactation.

Effects of oxidized soybean oil on the performance of sows and jejunum health of suckling piglets

Oils provide a considerable amount of energy to the swine diet, but they are prone to lipid oxidation if not properly preserved. Consumption of oxidized oils can adversely affect the animal organism and even the offspring. This study investigated the impact of oxidized soybean oil in the diets of sows from 107 days gestation to 21 days of lactation on the performance of sows and jejunum health of suckling piglets. Sixteen sows were randomly allocated into two groups: one group (n = 8) was fed with the fresh soybean oil (FSO) diet, and another group (n = 8) was treated with the oxidized soybean oil (OSO) diet. Dietary oxidized soybean oil does not affect sow performance. Antioxidant enzyme activity in the milk was reduced significantly in the OSO group, such as the superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.05). On Day 21, oxidized soybean oil increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels in sow milk and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-8 cytokines in plasma (p < 0.05). Suckling piglets from sows fed on OSO showed a trend towards increased IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma (p < 0.1). The mRNA expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was augmented, whereas interleukin 10 (IL-10) was decreased, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) had a tendency to be down-regulated in OSO treatment. This study revealed that the OSO of feed decreased the antioxidant capacity of milk, further contributing to the inflammatory response in the jejunum of suckling piglets.

Oxidized PUFAs Increase Susceptibility of Mice to Salmonella Infection by Diminishing Host's Innate Immune Responses

Dietary ω-3 PUFAs are highly prone to oxidation, and this may potentially limit their application in the health-promoting field. Here, we sought to investigate whether and how oxidized PUFAs modulate the susceptibility of mice to Salmonella typhimurium (S. Tm) infection. Algae oil (AO) and oxidized algae oil (ox-AO) were administered to the C57BL/6 mice prior to S. Tm infection. Compared to the S. Tm group, ox-AO increased bacterial burden in systemic and intestinal tissues, downregulated host anti-infection responses, and developed worse colitis. In macrophages, ox-AO decreased both phagocytosis of S. Tm and clearance of intracellular bacteria and dampened the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-κB, and autophagy pathways. Furthermore, ox-AO diminished LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production and S. Tm induced NLRC4 inflammasome activation. This study reveals that oxidized PUFAs may contribute to the development of enteric infections and regular monitoring of the oxidation status in commercial PUFA supplements to prevent their potential adverse impact on human health.

Maternal Oxidized Soybean Oil Administration in Rats during Pregnancy and Lactation Alters the Intestinal DNA Methylation in Offspring

As a food contaminant, oxidized oil or lipid oxidative products have been proven to exert toxicological effects on the growth and development of animals and humans. Research shows that maternal oxidative stress damage might transmit to another generation by epigenetic modulation. However, current evidence is still not clear on the mechanism of the effects of dietary oxidized oil during pregnancy on the two generations. This study employed a rat model fed with oxidized soybean oil (OSO) during pregnancy and lactation to explore the effects of the oxidative degree (0, 200, 400, and 800 mequiv of O₂/kg) on the placental RNA methylation and DNA methylation in offspring jejunum. The results showed that following the ingestion of OSO, the placental genes of different m⁶A methylation were significantly enriched to nutrient metabolic processes and hormone activity. In addition, the intestine in offspring hypofunctioned observably, such as reducing the height of villi and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore, maternal intake of OSO during pregnancy can damage the intestinal barrier function of offspring by inhibiting the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells and reducing the activity of intestinal DNA methyltransferase. In conclusion, this study reinforces the assertion that maternal OSO consumption during gestation and lactation negatively affects the placental health and intestinal development of suckling pups.

Effect of Natural Antioxidants from Marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.) on the Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil

In recent years, synthetic antioxidants that are widely used in foods have been shown to cause detrimental health effects, and there has been growing interest in antioxidants realised from natural plant extracts. In this study, we investigate the potential effects of natural antioxidant components extracted from the forage plant marigold on the oxidative stability of soybean oil. First, HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to screen and identify potential antioxidant components in marigold. Four main antioxidant components were identified, including quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside (1), quercetagetin (2), quercetin (3) and patuletin (4). Among them, quercetagetin (QG) exhibited the highest content and the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and effectively inhibited the production of oxidation products in soybean oil during accelerated oxidation, as indicated by reductions in the peroxide value (PV) and acid value (AV). Then, the fatty acids and volatile compounds of soybean oil were determined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). A total of 108 volatile components, including 16 alcohols, 23 aldehydes, 25 ketones, 4 acids, 15 esters, 18 hydrocarbons, and 7 other compounds, were identified. QG significantly reduced the content and number of aldehydes and ketones, whereas the formation of acids and hydrocarbons was completely prevented. In addition, the fatty acid analysis demonstrated that QG significantly inhibited oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Consequently, QG was identified as a potential, new natural antioxidant that is believed to be safe, effective and economical, and it may have potential for use in plant extracts feed additives.