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Xiang Y, Zhang M, Jiang D, Su Q, Shi J. The role of inflammation in autoimmune disease: a therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267091. [PMID: 37859999 PMCID: PMC10584158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are immune disorders whose incidence and prevalence are increasing year by year. AIDs are produced by the immune system's misidentification of self-antigens, seemingly caused by excessive immune function, but in fact they are the result of reduced accuracy due to the decline in immune system function, which cannot clearly identify foreign invaders and self-antigens, thus issuing false attacks, and eventually leading to disease. The occurrence of AIDs is often accompanied by the emergence of inflammation, and inflammatory mediators (inflammatory factors, inflammasomes) play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDs, which mediate the immune process by affecting innate cells (such as macrophages) and adaptive cells (such as T and B cells), and ultimately promote the occurrence of autoimmune responses, so targeting inflammatory mediators/pathways is one of emerging the treatment strategies of AIDs. This review will briefly describe the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of different AIDs, and give a rough introduction to inhibitors targeting inflammatory factors, hoping to have reference significance for subsequent treatment options for AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Die Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Health Management & Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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2
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Moore SC, Vaz de Castro PAS, Yaqub D, Jose PA, Armando I. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Peripheral Dopamine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13816. [PMID: 37762126 PMCID: PMC10530375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is synthesized in the nervous system where it acts as a neurotransmitter. Dopamine is also synthesized in a number of peripheral organs as well as in several types of cells and has organ-specific functions and, as demonstrated more recently, is involved in the regulation of the immune response and inflammatory reaction. In particular, the renal dopaminergic system is very important in the regulation of sodium transport and blood pressure and is particularly sensitive to stimuli that cause oxidative stress and inflammation. This review is focused on how dopamine is synthesized in organs and tissues and the mechanisms by which dopamine and its receptors exert their effects on the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ines Armando
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (S.C.M.); (P.A.S.V.d.C.); (D.Y.); (P.A.J.)
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3
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Jia W, Tang Q, Zou Y, Yang Y, Wu W, Xu W. Investigating the antidepressant effect of Ziyan green tea on chronic unpredictable mild stress mice through fecal metabolomics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1256142. [PMID: 37692389 PMCID: PMC10483239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1256142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Some studies have shown the effectiveness of tea in reducing depression. Gut flora dysfunction is strongly associated with depression. The mechanism by which Ziyan green tea ameliorates depression is not clear. Methods In this study, we examined the impact of Ziyan green tea on mice exhibiting symptoms similar to depression. We specifically focused on the role of intestinal flora and its metabolites. We first established a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model to induce depressive symptoms and conducted behavioural tests, biochemical tests, and pathological tissue analysis. We also investigated gut microbiota changes by 16S rRNA sequencing and measured faecal metabolites in mice using UHPLC-MS/MS. Results The results showed that Ziyan green tea intervention improved depression-like behaviour, neurobiochemical factors, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors in CUMS mice. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that different microbial communities (Corynebacterium, Faecalibaculum, Enterorhabdus, Desulfovibrio) correlation with differential metabolites (Cholic acid, Deoxycholic acid, etc.) and depression-related biochemical indicators (5-HT, DA, BDNF, IL-6, and TNF-α). Discussion In conclusion, our findings suggest that both low and high-dose interventions of Ziyan green tea have positive preventive effects on CUMS mice without dose dependence, partly because they mainly affect intestinal Purine Metabolism, Bile Acid Biosynthesis and Cysteine Metabolism in CUMS mice, thus stimulating brain 5-HT, DA and BDNF, and decreasing the inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, activate the composition of intestinal flora, improve the intestinal flora environment and thus promote the production of intestinal metabolites, which can be used for depression treatment. It is suggested that Ziyan green tea may achieve an antidepressant effect through the gut-microbiota-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Jia
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Tang
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Zou
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Sichuan Yizhichun Tea Industry Co., Ltd., Muchuan, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Elshimy R, Khawagi WY, Naguib IA, Bukhari SI, El-Shiekh RA. 9-Methoxyellipticine: Antibacterial Bioactive Compound Isolated from Ochrosia elliptica Labill. Roots. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050643. [PMID: 37233684 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance bears a major threat to human health worldwide, causing about 1.2 million deaths per year. It is noteworthy that carbazole derivatives have shown a potential antibacterial activity, for example, 9-methoxyellipticine, which was isolated from Ochrosia elliptica Labill. roots (Apocynaceae) in the present study. An in vitro screening of the antibacterial activity of 9-methoxyellipticine was investigated against four multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC O157) as Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with Bacillus cereus as Gram-positive bacteria. The compound had significant antibacterial activity against the two Gram-negative isolates and lower activity against the Gram-positive ones. The synergistic use of 9-methoxyellipticine and antibiotics was successfully effective in reducing the MDR microorganisms. Lung pneumonia and kidney infection mice models were used to investigate the compound's efficacy in vivo for the first time. Noteworthy reductions in K. pneumoniae and STEC shedding and the colonization were observed, with a reduction in pro-inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin levels. Other related lesions such as inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar interstitial congestion, and edema were noticed to occur, lessened to different limits. The anti-STEC and anti-K. pneumoniae activities of 9-methoxyellipticine were revealed, providing a new alternative against MDR nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Elshimy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12451, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Wael Y Khawagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Gao F, Wang C, Zhang W, Shi B. Effects of oxidized soybean oil on the performance of sows and jejunum health of suckling piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 107:830-838. [PMID: 36224721 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oils provide a considerable amount of energy to the swine diet, but they are prone to lipid oxidation if not properly preserved. Consumption of oxidized oils can adversely affect the animal organism and even the offspring. This study investigated the impact of oxidized soybean oil in the diets of sows from 107 days gestation to 21 days of lactation on the performance of sows and jejunum health of suckling piglets. Sixteen sows were randomly allocated into two groups: one group (n = 8) was fed with the fresh soybean oil (FSO) diet, and another group (n = 8) was treated with the oxidized soybean oil (OSO) diet. Dietary oxidized soybean oil does not affect sow performance. Antioxidant enzyme activity in the milk was reduced significantly in the OSO group, such as the superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.05). On Day 21, oxidized soybean oil increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels in sow milk and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-8 cytokines in plasma (p < 0.05). Suckling piglets from sows fed on OSO showed a trend towards increased IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma (p < 0.1). The mRNA expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was augmented, whereas interleukin 10 (IL-10) was decreased, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) had a tendency to be down-regulated in OSO treatment. This study revealed that the OSO of feed decreased the antioxidant capacity of milk, further contributing to the inflammatory response in the jejunum of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Olajide OA, Iwuanyanwu VU, Banjo OW, Kato A, Penkova YB, Fleet GWJ, Nash RJ. Iminosugar Amino Acid idoBR1 Reduces Inflammatory Responses in Microglia. Molecules 2022; 27:3342. [PMID: 35630818 PMCID: PMC9143674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. Inflammation is reported to be a key factor in neurodegeneration. The microglia are immune cells present in the central nervous system; their activation results in the release of inflammatory cytokines and is thought to be related to aging and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. (2) Methods. A mouse BV-2 microglia cell line was activated using LPS and the anti-inflammatory cucumber-derived iminosugar amino acid idoBR1, (2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidine-2-carboxylic acid, was used alongside dexamethasone as the control to determine whether it could reduce the inflammatory responses. (3) Results. A dose-dependent reduction in the LPS-induced production of the proinflammatory factors TNFα, IL-6, and nitric oxide and the transcription factor NF-κB was found. (4) Conclusions. Further investigations of the anti-inflammatory effects of idoBR1 in other models of neurodegenerative diseases are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumayokun A. Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (O.A.O.); (V.U.I.); (O.W.B.)
| | - Victoria U. Iwuanyanwu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (O.A.O.); (V.U.I.); (O.W.B.)
| | - Owolabi W. Banjo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (O.A.O.); (V.U.I.); (O.W.B.)
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Yana B. Penkova
- Phytoquest Limited, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK;
| | - George W. J. Fleet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
| | - Robert J. Nash
- Phytoquest Limited, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK;
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Li Y, Deng X, Zhuang W, Li Y, Xue H, Lv X, Zhu S. Tanshinone IIA down-regulates -transforming growth factor beta 1 to relieve renal tubular epithelial cell inflammation and pyroptosis caused by high glucose. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12224-12236. [PMID: 35577353 PMCID: PMC9275952 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2074619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular disease caused by diabetes. Tanshinone IIA has been indicated to ameliorate streptozotocin-induced DN. This study explores the effect of tanshinone IIA on high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis and inflammation. High glucose-stimulated HK-2 cells were used as the in-vitro model of DN and were treated with tanshinone IIA at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 μM for 24 h with the same doses of tolbutamide as the control. After tanshinone IIA treatment, HK-2 cells were transfected with pcDNA-transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) or sh-TGFB1 for 48 h. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18. Cell apoptosis and pyroptosis were detected by flow cytometry and cell immunofluorescence. Bioinformatics screening predicted that tanshinone IIA might be an effective component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) for the treatment of DN. Tanshinone IIA exerted a protective effect in the in-vitro model of DN by suppressing inflammation and pyroptosis via the TGFB1-dependent pathway. Tanshinone IIA inhibited high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial cell inflammation and cell death through pyroptosis by regulating TGFB1, indicating the therapeutic potential of tanshinone IIA for DN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Wenlong Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Shuqin Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian, China
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Hao Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhan W, Wu D. OGDH is involved in sepsis induced acute lung injury through the MAPK pathway. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:5042-5054. [PMID: 34527342 PMCID: PMC8411135 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis is a common cause of death in clinical practice, and there remains a lack of clinical effective treatment. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) is a classic animal model of sepsis, which can induce ALI. Studies have shown that in the lung injury cell model, OGDH (oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) transcription is up-regulated, which is a potential therapeutic target for acute pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of OGDH on lung injury and inflammation in animal and cell models, and to explore its mechanism. Methods By analyzing the GSE16650 gene set, the upregulated OGDH gene was detected in the lung injury cell model. In a sepsis animal model established by CLP and a lung injury cell model, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, WB, and other techniques were used to verify the upregulation of OGDH expression, which was then was down-regulated with shRNA to confirm its relationship with ALI. Further, ELISA, RT-PCR, and WB were used to detect the effect of OGDH on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α. The downstream pathway of OGDH was predicted using KEGG and GSEA tools and verified by WB and immunofluorescence. Results The results showed OGDH was highly expressed in a lung injury cell model and the lung tissue of ALI mice induced by CLP, and downregulation of OGDH alleviated sepsis induced ALI. In animal models and cell models, the expression of OGDH was positively correlated with the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. OGDH may act through the MAPK pathway. Conclusions Under the pathological condition of sepsis, OGDH amplifies the inflammatory response through the MAPK pathway, releases pro-inflammatory factors, and induces ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Hao
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Prehospital Emergency, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xinfang Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wenming Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, Xishui People's Hospital, Xishui, China
| | - Dianshui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
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Liu K, Mao W, Liu B, Li T, Wu J, Fu C, Shen Y, Pei L, Cao J. Live S. aureus and heat-killed S. aureus induce different inflammation-associated factors in bovine endometrial tissue in vitro. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:123-30. [PMID: 34481270 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is majorly involved in bovine mastitis; however, it weakly induces pro-inflammatory factors in mammary gland epithelial cells. We aimed to clarify the involvement of S. aureus in other inflammation types and its relationship with inflammatory factor secretion in bovine endometritis. We used live S. aureus (LSA)- and heat-killed S. aureus (HK-SA)-treated bovine endometrial tissue in vitro. The HK-SA-treated group showed significantly higher IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL1/2 and TLR2 expression than the LSA-infected group. Contrastingly, the LSA-infected group showed significantly higher PTGS2, mPGES-1, and EP4 expression than the HK-SA treated group. There was no significant between-group difference in hyaluronan-binding protein 1 expression, which suggested similar inflammatory responses. H&E results indicated that LSA and HK-SA induced shedding of endometrial gland epithelial cells. The LSA-infected group showed higher high-mobility group box 1 protein expression than the HK-SA treated groups, which indicated differences in signaling pathway activation. Further, the LSA-treated group had higher JNK and p38 MAPK levels while the HK-SA-treated group had higher IκB-α levels. There was no significant between-group difference in the ERK signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of S. aureus activate pro-inflammatory factor expression via the TLR2-ERK-NF-κB signaling pathway. Contrastingly, LSA induced PGE2 accumulation via the TLR2/MAPKs signaling pathway. This is the first report that S. aureus and the PAMPs of S. aureus activate different signaling pathways and that LSA mainly induce PGE2 accumulation rather than cytokine secretion.
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Liu G, Li H, Zhang W, Yu J, Zhang X, Wu R, Niu M, Liu X, Yu R. Csnk1a1 inhibition modulates the inflammatory secretome and enhances response to radiotherapy in glioma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7395-7406. [PMID: 34216174 PMCID: PMC8335695 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a fatal brain tumour with no available targeted therapies, has a poor prognosis. At present, radiotherapy is one of the main methods to treat glioma, but it leads to an obvious increase in inflammatory factors in the tumour microenvironment, especially IL-6 and CXCL1, which plays a role in tumour to resistance radiotherapy and tumorigenesis. Casein kinase 1 alpha 1 (CK1α) (encoded on chromosome 5q by Csnk1a1) is considered an attractive target for Tp53 wild-type acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) treatment. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumour effect of Csnk1a1 suppression in GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that down-regulation of Csnk1a1 or inhibition by D4476, a Csnk1a1 inhibitor, reduced GBM cell proliferation efficiently in both Tp53 wild-type and Tp53-mutant GBM cells. On the contrary, overexpression of Csnk1a1 promoted cell proliferation and colony formation. Csnk1a1 inhibition improved the sensitivity to radiotherapy. Furthermore, down-regulation of Csnk1a1 reduced the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. In the preclinical GBM model, treatment with D4476 significantly inhibited the increase in pro-inflammatory factors caused by radiotherapy and improved radiotherapy sensitivity, thus inhibiting tumour growth and prolonging animal survival time. These results suggest targeting Csnk1a1 exert an anti-tumour role as an inhibitor of inflammatory factors, providing a new strategy for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzheng Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Li
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanhong Zhang
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiefeng Yu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Runqiu Wu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mingshan Niu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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11
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Pothmann H, Flick P, Tichy A, Gabler C, Drillich M. Messenger RNA Expression of Selected Factors at Different Sites of the Bovine Endometrium Associated With Uterine Health. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:649758. [PMID: 33748222 PMCID: PMC7973100 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.649758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have elucidated the role of several pro-inflammatory factors as mediators of inflammatory processes in the bovine endometrium. Only few studies, however, have analyzed samples collected from different regions of the uterus of the same animal. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that on a molecular level, clinical endometritis is characterized by inflammatory responses spread over the entire endometrium. Furthermore, we assume that subclinical endometritis is described by an inflammation of local regions of the uterus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the mRNA expression of uterus-associated pro-inflammatory factors at five pre-defined endometrial sites, i.e., corpus uteri, left horn base, left horn tip, right horn base, and right horn tip, in cows with clinical and subclinical endometritis and in healthy controls. We analyzed the mRNA expression of interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 1 beta, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C, carcinoembryonic antigen related cell adhesion molecule 1, and mucin 4 and 16. Based on vaginoscopy and endometrial cytology (≥ 5% polymorphonuclear neutrophils) between 28 to 34 days in milk, 18 Simmental cows were categorized in clinical endometritis group (n = 7), subclinical endometritis group (n = 4), and healthy group (n = 7). In general, the analyses revealed a great variation of mRNA expression between sites and animals. Differences were found between different uterine health statuses, but the variation between the sampling sites within the groups was not significant (P > 0.05). This indicates that inflammatory processes at the end of the postpartum period can be regarded as multi-focal or spread throughout the uterus independent from the uterine health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Pothmann
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paula Flick
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Scientific Biomedicine, Platform of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gabler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Ullah HMA, Elfadl AK, Park S, Kim YD, Chung MJ, Son JY, Yun HH, Park JM, Yim JH, Jung SJ, Choi YC, Shin JH, Kim DS, Park JK, Jeong KS. Nogo-A Is Critical for Pro-Inflammatory Gene Regulation in Myocytes and Macrophages. Cells 2021; 10:282. [PMID: 33572505 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A (Rtn 4A), a member of the reticulon 4 (Rtn4) protein family, is a neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein that is primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). However, previous studies revealed that Nogo-A was upregulated in skeletal muscles of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Additionally, experiments showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), was upregulated in gastrocnemius muscle of a murine model of ALS. We therefore hypothesized that Nogo-A might relate to skeletal muscle diseases. According to our knocking down and overexpression results in muscle cell line (C2C12), we have found that upregulation of Nogo-A resulted in upregulation of CHOP, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while downregulation of Nogo-A led to downregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Immunofluorescence results showed that Nogo-A and CHOP were expressed by myofibers as well as tissue macrophages. Since resident macrophages share similar functions as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), we therefore, isolated macrophages from bone marrow to study the role of Nogo-A in activation of these cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BMDM in Nogo-KO mice showed low mRNA expression of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to BMDM in wild type (WT) mice. Interestingly, Nogo knockout (KO) BMDM exhibited lower migratory activity and phagocytic ability compared with WT BMDM after LPS treatment. In addition, mice experiments data revealed that upregulation of Nogo-A in notexin- and tunicamycin-treated muscles was associated with upregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α in WT group, while in Nogo-KO group resulted in low expression level of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, upregulation of Nogo-A in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) murine model, myopathy and Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) clinical biopsies was associated with upregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate Nogo-A as a regulator of inflammation in diseased muscle and bone marrow macrophages and that deletion of Nogo-A alleviates muscle inflammation and it can be utilized as a therapeutic target for improving muscle diseases.
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Fang H, Yu L, You D, Peng N, Guo W, Wang J, Zhang X. In vivo Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Hydroxyasiaticoside Combined With Praziquantel in the Treatment of Schistosomiasis Induced Hepatic Fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:613784. [PMID: 33553120 PMCID: PMC7862569 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.613784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis has been a fatal obstinate disease that threatens global human health, resulting in the granulomatous inflammation and liver fibrosis. Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of hydroxyasiaticoside combined with praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis. Methods:Mice were randomly distributed into four experimental groups: normal control group, model group, praziquantel group, praziquantel + hydroxyasiaticoside group. Except for the normal control group, they were infected with Schistosomia cercariae through the abdominal skin to induce liver fibrosis. In the intervention group, mice were administered with the respective drugs by gavage after 8 weeks of infection. At the end of the treatment, mice were sacrificed to collect blood for the determination of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels. Moreover, the liver was excised, weighed, and liver indices were calculated. Histopathological examination was performed to assess liver morphology. Besides, the expression of collagen type I and III in liver was determined; the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in liver tissues were measured using Real-time PCR while ELISA and western blotting were performed on liver tissue homogenate to determine the protein expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Results:The combination of praziquantel and hydroxyasiaticoside lowered the pathological scores of schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis, the liver indice, serum AST and ALT levels, improved liver morphology, downregulated the expression levels of hepatic type I and III collagen, inhibited the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) in the liver of mice relative to the praziquantel alone. Conclusion:The combination of hydroxyasiaticoside and praziquantel is a potential therapeutic option for schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis. Notably, this combination noticeably suppresses the protein and mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Da You
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Nan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Wanbei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Ling YJ, Ding TY, Dong FL, Gao YJ, Jiang BC. Intravenous Administration of Triptonide Attenuates CFA-Induced Pain Hypersensitivity by Inhibiting DRG AKT Signaling Pathway in Mice. J Pain Res 2020; 13:3195-3206. [PMID: 33293856 PMCID: PMC7718987 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s275320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, medical treatment of inflammatory pain is limited by a lack of safe and effective therapies. Triptonide (TPN), a major component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. with low toxicity, has been shown to have good anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to investigate the effects of TPN on chronic inflammatory pain. Materials and Methods Inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). TPN’s three different doses were intravenously administered to compare the analgesic efficacy: 0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg. The foot swelling was quantitated by measuring paw volume. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed with von Frey filament testing and Hargreaves’ test, respectively. Western blots, qRT–PCR and immunofluorescence tests were used to analyze the expression of pAKT, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Two AKT inhibitors, AKT inhibitor Ⅳ and MK-2206, were used to examine AKT’s effects on pain behavior and cytokines expression. Results Intravenous treatment with TPN attenuated CFA-induced paw edema, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia. Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that CFA induced AKT activation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. However, these effects were suppressed by treatment with TPN. Furthermore, TPN treatment inhibited CFA-induced increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Consistent with the in vivo data, TPN inhibited LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation and inflammatory mediator production in ND7/23 cells. Finally, intrathecal treatment with AKT inhibitor Ⅳ or MK-2206, attenuated CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and simultaneously decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in DRG. Conclusion These data indicate that TPN attenuates CFA-induced pain potentially via inhibiting AKT-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines production in DRG. TPN may be used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Juan Ling
- Institute of Pain Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Yu Ding
- Institute of Pain Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Lu Dong
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Institute of Pain Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Institute of Pain Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
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15
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Guo Z, Wu HT, Li XX, Yu Y, Gu RZ, Lan R, Qin XY. Edaravone protects rat astrocytes from oxidative or neurotoxic inflammatory insults by restoring Akt/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 signaling axis. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:122-128. [PMID: 32382683 PMCID: PMC7200465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glia cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence indicates that more than to be safe-guard and supporting cells for neurons, astrocytes play a broad spectrum of neuroprotective and pathological functions. Thus, they are compelling models to decipher mechanistic insights of glia cells to CNS insults and for the development of drugs. Edaravone is a free radical scavenger with the capacity to eliminate hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxides. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of edaravone in rat astrocytes challenged by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), respectively. We discovered that edaravone attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative stress by reactivating the Akt signaling axis and antagonistically restoring the expression of apoptosis associated regulators such as Bcl-2 and Caspase-3. Consistently, inhibition of Akt signaling by LY294002 attenuated the anti-oxidative activity of edaravone. In addition, edaravone mitigated LPS-induced morphological changes in astrocytes and alleviated the inflammatory activation and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NOS2. In summary, our data suggested that edavarone effectively protects astrocytes from oxidative stress or infectious insults, which may pave a new avenue for its application in preclinical research and human disease therapeutics.
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Key Words
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- C1q, complement component 1q
- CNS, central nervous system
- GFAP
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IL-1α, interleukin 1 alpha
- IL-1β, interleukin 1beta
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TNF-α
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- edaravone
- free radical scavenger
- oxidative stress
- pro-inflammatory factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Guo
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.,The Emergency Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Huan-Tong Wu
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xi-Xi Li
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Yu
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Run-Ze Gu
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongfeng Lan
- Department of Cell Biology & Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qin
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Yang J, Li TX, Wang XY, Xue ZP, Lyu C, Li HZ, Fan YF, Li YQ, Tian YG, Chen WJ, Guo MQ, Wang JX, Wu HY, Zhang YQ, Zhu CY, Lin N. [Systematic reviews of effects of Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets on pro-inflammatory factors in rheumatoid arthritis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2020; 45:764-774. [PMID: 32237476 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20191024.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To systematically evaluate the effects of Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets alone or in combination with methotrexate(MTX) and leflunomide(LEF) on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients or animal models with rheumatoid arthritis(RA), and to provide reference for clinical application and related basic research, this study systematically searched databases of CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, collected relevant clinical or animal experimental studies, used risk assessment tools to evaluate the quality of research, and used Revman 5.3 software to conduct Meta-analysis or descriptive analysis of the outcome indicators included in the literatures. Of the 1 709 papers retrieved, 3 clinical studies and 12 animal experiments were included. The results showed that compared with MTX alone, Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets combined with MTX could further reduce the expression levels of peripheral blood TNF-α(SMD=-8.88,95%CI[-10.77,-6.99],P<0.000 01),IL-1β(P<0.000 01) and IL-6(SMD=-8.63, 95%CI[-10.57,-6.69], P<0.000 01) in RA patients. Compared with LEF alone, the combination of Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets and LEF could not further reduce the expression levels of TNF-α(P=0.20), IL-1β(P=0.17), IL-6(P=0.31). In RA animal model, compared with model group, Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets could reduce the expression levels of peripheral blood IL-1β(SMD=-6.29,95%CI[-9.64,-2.93],P<0.000 2)in peripheral blood(SMD=-1.39,95%CI[-1.77,-1.02],P<0.000 01), joint fluid(P<0.000 01) and paw plasma(P=0.02), and also reduce the expression levels of TNF-α in RA animal model group. Compared with MTX alone, Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets alone reduced the same levels of TNF-α(P=0.42) and IL-6(P=0.08) in joint fluid, while Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets combined with MTX could further reduce the levels of IL-6(P=0.000 1) in joint fluid; compared with LEF alone, Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets have the similar effects on reducing the expression levels of peripheral blood TNF-α(P=0.16), IL-1β(P=0.32), IL-6(P=0.12), while Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets combined with LEF could further reduce the expression levels of TNF-α(P=0.008), IL-1β(P=0.02), IL-6(P<0.000 1) in peripheral blood. Therefore, Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets combined with MTX could further reduce the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood of RA patients. Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets alone could reduce the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood and local joint of RA animal models. Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets combined with MTX or LEF could further reduce the express levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood of RA animal models. Due to the limitation of literature, this conclusion needs to be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tai-Xian Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Xue
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100102, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Fan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi-Qun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya-Ge Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen-Jia Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Min-Qun Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jing-Xia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700, China
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17
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Zhao D, Gu MY, Zhang LJ, Jeon HJ, Cho YB, Yang HO. 7-Deoxy- trans-dihydronarciclasine Isolated from Lycoris chejuensis Inhibits Neuroinflammation in Experimental Models. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:9796-9804. [PMID: 31393712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Overactivated microglia and persistent neuroinflammation hold an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The extract of Lycoris chejuensis (CJ) and its active compound, 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine (named E144), attenuated expressions of pro-inflammatory factors, including nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6, secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglial cells, as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or western blotting. In contrast, CJ extract and E144 promoted the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10. Moreover, we found that E144 attenuated the expression of TNF-α and COX-2 in the cerebral cortex of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice and/or T2576 transgenic mice as well as reduced the reactive immune cells visualized by ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1. Our results suggest the possibility of E144 to serve as a potential anti-neuroinflammatory agent by preventing excess production of pro-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Natural Product Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Yao Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Shenzhen University Health Science Center , Shenzhen , Guangdong 51801 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jun Zhang
- Natural Product Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Jeon
- Pharmaceutical R&D Center , Kolmar Korea , Sejong 30003 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Baik Cho
- Pharmaceutical R&D Center , Kolmar Korea , Sejong 30003 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Product Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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18
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García-Gómez E, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Reyes-Mayoral C, Cruz-Orozco OP, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cerbón M. Regulation of Inflammation Pathways and Inflammasome by Sex Steroid Hormones in Endometriosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:935. [PMID: 32063886 PMCID: PMC7000463 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterus, mainly in the peritoneal cavity, ovaries, and intestines. This condition shows estrogen dependency and progesterone resistance, and it has been associated with chronic inflammation, severe pain, and infertility, which negatively affect the quality of life in reproductive women. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis are not completely understood; however, inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of the disease, mainly by altering the function of immune cells (macrophages, natural killer, and T cells) and increasing levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in the peritoneal cavity, endometrium, and blood. These immune alterations inhibit apoptotic pathways and promote adhesion and proliferation of endometriotic cells, as well as angiogenesis and neurogenesis in endometriotic lesions. It has been demonstrated that hormonal alterations in endometriosis are related to the inflammatory unbalance in this disease. Particularly, steroid hormones (mainly estradiol) promote the expression and release of pro-inflammatory factors. Excessive inflammation in endometriosis contributes to changes of hormonal regulation by modulating sex steroid receptors expression and increasing aromatase activity. In addition, dysregulation of the inflammasome pathway, mediated by an alteration of cellular responses to steroid hormones, participates in disease progression through preventing cell death, promoting adhesion, invasion, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, inflammation is involved in endometriosis-associated infertility, which alters endometrium receptivity by impairing biochemical responses and decidualization. The purpose of this review is to present current research about the role of inflammasome in the pathogenesis of endometriosis as well as the molecular role of sex hormones in the inflammatory responses in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth García-Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT)-Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth García-Gómez
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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19
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Lu A, Wang Z, Wang S. Role of miR-589-3p in human lumbar disc degeneration and its potential mechanism. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1616-1621. [PMID: 29434746 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-589-3p in lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate an in vitro model of intervertebral disc degeneration. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression level of microRNA (miR)-589-3p in the NP cells, and the results demonstrated that the increased expression of miR-589-3p in LPS stimulated NP cells compared with the control. To further investigate the role of miR-589-3p in LDD, a human NP cell line with high/low miR-589-3p expression was generated using miR-589-3p mimics/inhibitors. In addition, a human NP cell inflammation model was conducted by LPS (10 µM) treatment. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were performed for detection of associated genes and proteins. Protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were evaluated by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used for cell apoptosis determination. Furthermore, Targetscan was used to predict potential targets of miR-589-3p, and a dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the prediction. The findings verified that miR-589-3p was significantly upregulated in LDD. In vitro, miR-589-3p mimics/inhibitors significantly increased/reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS stimulated NP cells. Furthermore, miR-589-3p mimics/inhibitors significantly promoted/inhibited LPS stimulated NP cell apoptosis. MiR-589-3p mimics/inhibitors significantly repressed/enhanced type II collagen and aggrecan expression in LPS stimulated NP cells. In addition, it was demonstrated that mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad) 4 was a direct target gene of miR-589-3p, and was negatively regulated by miR-589-3p in NP cells. In conclusion, miR-589-3p may function as a promoter in LDD development via the regulation of Smad4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Suchun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
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20
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Liu L, Wu X, Zhang B, Yang W, Li D, Dong Y, Yin Y, Chen Q. Protective effects of tea polyphenols on exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue, inflammation and tissue damage. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1333390. [PMID: 28659745 PMCID: PMC5475289 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1333390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The beneficial properties of tea polyphenols have been extensively studied; however, less attention has been paid to their effects, especially anti-inflammatory effect during exhaustive exercise. Objective: The present study assessed the potential protective effects of tea polyphenols against the fatigue, inflammation and tissue injury caused by an exhaustive exercise bout in rats. Design: Twenty-four healthy male rats were divided into three groups. Group C was a sedentary control group, Groups E+TP and Group E performed a single exhaustive swimming test; all groups had normal diets, but Group E+TP was supplemented with tea polyphenols. All rats were immediately euthanized after exhaustive exercise, and biochemical and inflammatory parameters, including lactic acid (LA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) activity levels, were measured. Reverse transcription (RT) and Real-Time PCR was employed to evaluate the mRNA expression of IL-1β in the liver. Results: The results showed a decrease in serum LA levels (22%, p < 0.05) in rats that consumed dietary tea polyphenols. Interestingly, dietary tea polyphenols decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α: 13%, p < 0.05; IL-1β: 10%, p < 0.05; and IL-6: 48%, p < 0.05) and shifted the serum IL-10/TNF-α ratio to a predominantly anti-inflammatory milieu (0.52 ± 0.07 vs. 0.67 ± 0.10, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the polyphenols effectively inhibited the release of tissue damage markers (CK: 24%, p < 0.05 and LDH: 28%, p < 0.05) in the serum and decreased IL-1β mRNA expression in the liver. Conclusions: This study indicated that tea polyphenols could significantly protect rats from the fatigue, inflammation and tissue damage induced by acute exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Wu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bingchen Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Dong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Yin
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Yang H, Cheng X, Yang YL, Wang YH, Du GH. Ramulus Cinnamomi extract attenuates neuroinflammatory responses via downregulating TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in BV2 cells. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1860-1864. [PMID: 29239332 PMCID: PMC5745840 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC), a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to attenuate inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RC extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells and the underlying mechanisms involved. BV2 cells were incubated with normal medium (control group), LPS, LPS plus 30 μg/mL RC extract, or LPS plus 100 μg/mL RC extract. The BV2 cell morphology was observed under an optical microscope and cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Nitric oxide level in BV2 cells was detected using Griess regents, and the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α in BV2 cells were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 proteins were detected by western blot assay. Compared with the LPS group, both 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract had no significant effect on the viability of BV2 cells. The levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in BV2 cells were all significantly increased after LPS induction, and the levels were significantly reversed after treatment with 30 and 100 μg/mL RC extract. Furthermore, RC extract significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2, Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that RC extract alleviates neuroinflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Lin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Bagheri Nesami N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Najarzadeh A, Salehifar E. The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Pro-Inflammatory Factors and Adiponectin in Mildly Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2016; 85:156-64. [PMID: 26780394 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is considerable evidence that hypertension may increase the levels of cytokines via endothelial stimulation and may stimulate inflammatory reactions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation on pro-inflammatory factors and adiponectin in mildly hypertensive patients. METHODS This 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out during 2012 - 2013 in Yazd. Sixty mildly hypertensive patients were randomly divided into two groups: placebo (PG, n = 30) and coenzyme Q10 (QG, n = 30). The QG was given 1 capsule containing 100 mg Q10 per day. The PG was given 1 capsule of the same size and color as the Q10 capsules, but it contained 100 mg of lactose. Plasma pro-inflammatory factors (IL6, IL2, and TNF-α), adiponectin, and hs-CRP were determined before and after the intervention. RESULTS The mean enhancement in adiponectin of QG was significantly higher than PG (from 21.1 ± 14.5 to 24.2 ± 15.5 ng/ml, P = 0.04). Significant declines in the median of IL6 (from 23 to 16 pg/ml, P = 0.001) and in the mean of hs-CRP were also observed in QG after intervention (from 3.53 ± 3.36 to 2.62 ± 2.51 mg/L, P = 0.03). In the two groups, no significant statistical changes were seen in the median of TNF-α and IL2. CONCLUSION Daily supplementation of 100 mg coenzyme Q10 can be effective in decreasing some pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL6 and hs-CRP, and in increasing adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Bagheri Nesami
- 1 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
- 2 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Yazd Diabetic Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Najarzadeh
- 1 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Salehifar
- 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Haas P, Kubista KE, Krugluger W, Huber J, Binder S. Impact of visceral fat and pro-inflammatory factors on the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:533-8. [PMID: 25683020 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have indicated that the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of the AMD. Increased visceral fat, in addition, has a pro-inflammatory effect on the organism by producing or influencing different kinds of inflammatory factors. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of body fat distribution in patients with age-related macula degeneration in comparison to a control group in the Austrian population. METHODS In this case-control study, body weight and height, and body mass index (BMI) were measured for each subject in 54 patients with exudative AMD and compared to 46 gender- and age-matched healthy control subjects. Body composition and abdominal fat areas were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Data on age, gender distribution, smoking history and systemic diseases, respectively, were compared. The inflammatory markers CRP, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, amyloid A, amyloid beta and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assayed by ELISA (R&D). RESULTS DEXA revealed central-abdominal-to-total body fat ratio of 0.073 +/- 0.011 in AMD patients compared to 0.061 +/- 0.013 in the controls (p <0.001; d = 0.98). The calculation of BMI has provided a significant result (p =0.045). U-test results for Aß1-42, IL-6, SAA and CRP each were significant (p < 0.05), with higher values in AMD patients. Leptin, TNF-alpha and Aß1-40 showed no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that abdominal fat distribution is significantly associated with age-related macular degeneration. Analysis of patients with exudative AMD revealed higher levels of CRP, amyloid ß1-42, IL-6 and amyloid alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Haas
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery; Rudolf Foundation Clinic; Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina E. Kubista
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery; Rudolf Foundation Clinic; Vienna Austria
| | - Walter Krugluger
- Department of Laboratory Medicines; Social Medical Center East; Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Huber
- Gynecology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Susanne Binder
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery; Rudolf Foundation Clinic; Vienna Austria
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