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Huang R, Yu H. Extraction methods, chemical compositions, molecular structure, health functions, and potential applications of tea polysaccharides as a promising biomaterial: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134150. [PMID: 39059531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Tea polysaccharides (TPS) have attracted much attention due to their multiple biological activities, excellent biocompatibility and good biodegradability, creating a wide range of potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the high molecular weight and complexity of TPS components have restricted its purification and bioactivity, limiting its potential applications. In this review, the effects of various extraction methods, tea processing, and degree of fermentation on the composition and structure of TPS were thoroughly investigated to overcome this dilemma. Through a comprehensive analysis of in vivo and in vitro studies, the health benefits of TPS are discussed in detail, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, modulation of gut microbial communities, and anticancer bioactivities. Typical structural characterization techniques of TPS are also summarized, and interactions with common food components are discussed in depth, providing a deeper perspective on the overall knowledge of TPS. Finally, this review offers an extensive overview of the wide range of applications of TPS, including its strong emulsifying properties and bio-accessibility, in various fields such as food nutrition, drug delivery, encapsulation films, and emulsifiers. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the profound development of TPS for productive utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minghang, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Hongfei Yu
- North Ring Road no.1, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Pingqiao, Xinyang, He'nan, China
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Wei Y, Shao J, Pang Y, Wen C, Wei K, Peng L, Wang Y, Wei X. Antidiabetic Potential of Tea and Its Active Compounds: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Evidence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11837-11853. [PMID: 38743877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that poses a long-term risk to human health accompanied by serious complications. Common antidiabetic drugs are usually accompanied by side effects such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. There is an urgent need for natural dietary alternatives for diabetic treatment. Tea (Camellia sinensis) consumption has been widely investigated to lower the risk of diabetes and its complications through restoring glucose metabolism homeostasis, safeguarding pancreatic β-cells, ameliorating insulin resistance, ameliorating oxidative stresses, inhibiting inflammatory response, and regulating intestinal microbiota. It is indispensable to develop effective strategies to improve the absorption of tea active compounds and exert combinational effects with other natural compounds to broaden its hypoglycemic potential. The advances in clinical trials and population-based investigations are also discussed. This review primarily delves into the antidiabetic potential and underlying mechanisms of tea active compounds, providing a theoretical basis for the practical application of tea and its active compounds against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Pang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Caican Wen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Besford QA. The sweetest polymer nanoparticles: opportunities ahead for glycogen in nanomedicine. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3577-3584. [PMID: 38629336 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00261j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Most cells take simple sugar (α-D-glucose) and assemble it into highly dense polysaccharide nanoparticles called glycogen. This is achieved through the action of multiple coupled-enzymatic reactions, yielding the cellular store of polymerised glucose to be degraded in times of metabolic need. These nanoparticles can be readily isolated from various animal tissues and plants, and are commercially available on a large scale. Importantly, glycogen is highly water soluble, non-toxic, low-fouling, and biodegradable, making it an attractive nanoparticle for use in nanomedicine, for both diagnosing and treating disease. This concept has been pursued actively recently, with exciting results on a variety of fronts, especially for targeting specific tissues and delivering nucleic acid and peptide cargo. In this perspective, the role of glycogen in nanomedicine going forward is discussed, with opportunities highlighted of where these sugary nanoparticles fit into the problem of treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany.
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Zhang Z, Sun L, Chen R, Li Q, Lai X, Wen S, Cao J, Lai Z, Li Z, Sun S. Recent insights into the physicochemical properties, bioactivities and their relationship of tea polysaccharides. Food Chem 2024; 432:137223. [PMID: 37669580 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea polysaccharides (TPS) is receiving global concern in past years due to their therapeutic effects in many diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Many publications imply that the unique physicochemical properties and bioactivities of TPS are prerequisites for its use as a biofilm, drug carrier and emulsifier. Despite numerous healthy benefits, studies on the in-deep structure-activity relationship of TPS still not well explored and explained yet. The main reasons for the research limitation are attributed mainly to the unbreakable advanced structural research technology and the formation of TPS conjugates. The present review also summarizes some similar parameters in primary structure of TPS with better bioactivities, discusses the relationships between their physicochemical properties and bioactivities, and suggests that function-specific TPS would be obtained in the future if the links between preparation methods, physicochemical properties and bioactivities of TPS could be well understood and established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shuai Wen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Junxi Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhaoxiang Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Xiao K, Shi Y, Liu S, Chen Y, Ni D, Yu Z. Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Tea Polysaccharides Extracted from Different Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Varieties. Foods 2023; 12:3584. [PMID: 37835237 PMCID: PMC10572641 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is a bioactive compound extracted from tea. It has raised great interest among researchers due to its bioactivity. However, few studies focused on the diversity of TPS in its compositions and antioxidant activity. This study collected 140 different tea varieties from four tea germplasm gardens in China, and their TPSs in tea shoots were extracted. The extraction efficiency, composition contents, including neutral sugar, uronic acid, protein, and tea polyphenols, and the scavenging abilities of hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxide radical (O2-·) of 140 TPSs were determined and analyzed. The results showed significant differences in the compositions and antioxidant activities of TPS extracted from different tea varieties. By applying hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), we selected nine tea varieties with high TPS extraction efficiency and 26 kinds of TPS with high antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyue Xiao
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.X.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (D.N.)
| | - Yutao Shi
- College of Tea and Food Sciences, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China;
- Tea Engineering Research Center of Fujian Higher Education, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.X.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (D.N.)
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.X.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (D.N.)
| | - Dejiang Ni
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.X.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (D.N.)
| | - Zhi Yu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.X.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (D.N.)
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Application of Plant Polysaccharide Nanoparticles as Polymeric Carrier Materials for the Construction of Medicine Carriers. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fan M, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhi J, Xu W, Yang Y, Xu Y, Luo K, Wang D. Mn(II)-Mediated Self-Assembly of Tea Polysaccharide Nanoparticles and Their Functional Role in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30607-30617. [PMID: 35771882 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is a bioactive compound that has attracted increasing attention for its health effect on regulating the metabolism of glucose and lipid. Moreover, due to their good biocompatibility and biodegradability, TPS-based nanoparticles have emerged as effective nanocarriers for the delivery of bioactive molecules. In this study, we developed a TPS-based biocarrier system for the orally targeted administration of Mn(II) ions and investigated their antidiabetic effects in C57BL/6 mice with HFD/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM. Mn(II)-loaded TPS-based nanoparticles (MTNPs) were synthesized, in which negatively charged functional groups in protein and uronic acid in TPS conjugates would act as binding sites for Mn(II) ions, which is responsible for the cross-linking reaction of MTNP. The resulting MTNP had a spherical shape and a mean particle size of around 30 nm with a Mn(II) ion content of 2.24 ± 0.13 mg/g. In T2DM mice, we discovered that MTNP treatment significantly lowered blood glucose levels and improved glucose intolerance. Furthermore, the impact of MTNP on the recovery of FINS, the homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the homeostatic index of β-cell (HOMA β-cell) levels was significantly larger (p < 0.05) than TPS alone, demonstrating that Mn(II) ions can enhance TPS's ability to repair HFD/STZ-induced β-cell damage. Mn(II) ions in MTNP not only acted as cofactors to increase the exocytosis of insulin secretory cells by upregulating the expression of Ca(II)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) but also promoted TPS's lipid-lowering effect in T2DM mice by inhibiting glucogenesis and regulating the lipid metabolism. Our findings suggest that Mn(II) ions can be used not only as cross-linkers in the formation of nanoparticulated TPS but also as cofactors in improving the functional role of TPS in regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism, which will provide insights into the development of TPS-based drug delivery systems for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Jinglei Zhi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Wanying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Ke Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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Characterization of Acidic Tea Polysaccharides from Yellow Leaves of Wuyi Rock Tea and Their Hypoglycemic Activity via Intestinal Flora Regulation in Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040617. [PMID: 35206093 PMCID: PMC8871580 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A bioactive acidic tea polysaccharide from yellow leaves of Wuyi rock tea was successively prepared via DEAE-52 and Superdex-200 columns. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that the main glycosidic bonds were composed of α-l-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, Arap-(1→, →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →2,4)-α-l-Rhap-(1→, →3,4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-d-GalAp-(1→, →4)-α-d-GalAp-(1→, α-d-Galp-(1→, →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→ and →4)-β-d-Galp-(1→. The molecular weight was 3.9285 × 104 Da. The hypoglycemic effect of acidic tea polysaccharides on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rats was evaluated through histopathology and biochemistry analysis. The acidic tea polysaccharide could improve plasma and liver lipid metabolism. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the composition of the intestinal flora changed drastically after treatment, namely, blooms of Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Dorea, and Oscillospira, and a strong reduction in Desulfovibrio and Lactobacillus. The above results illustrated that tea polysaccharides might serve as an effective ingredient to ameliorate glucose metabolism disorders and intestinal flora in hyperglycemic rats.
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