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Neumann J, Dhein S, Kirchhefer U, Hofmann B, Gergs U. Effects of congeners of amphetamine on the human heart. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4615-4642. [PMID: 38340182 PMCID: PMC11166837 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Central stimulatory and hallucinogenic drugs of abuse like amphetamine and most congeners of amphetamine can have cardiac harmful effects. These cardiac side effects can lead to morbidities and death. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the direct and indirect effects of these amphetamine congeners on the mammalian heart-more specifically, the isolated human heart muscle preparation. In detail, we address the question of whether and how these drugs affect cardiac contractility and their mechanisms of action. Based on this information, further research areas are defined, and further research efforts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, D-06097, Halle, Germany.
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Britt Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, D-06097, Halle, Germany
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Chroho M, Bailly C, Bouissane L. Ethnobotanical Uses and Pharmacological Activities of Moroccan Ephedra Species. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:336-352. [PMID: 38423032 DOI: 10.1055/a-2269-2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ephedra species are among the most popular herbs used in traditional medicine for a long time. The ancient Chinese medical book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" refers to the classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription Ge Gen decoction, which consists of seven herbs, including an Ephedra species. Ephedra species are utilized all over the world to treat symptoms of the common cold and coughs, and to combat major human diseases, such as asthma, cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and digestive disorders, and microbial infections. This study aimed at identifying specific Ephedra species used traditionally in Morocco for therapeutic purposes. The plant parts, their preparation process, and the treated pathologies were identified and analyzed. The results revealed five ethnobotanically important species of Ephedra: Ephedra alata Decne, Ephedra altissima Desf., Ephedra distachya L., Ephedra fragilis Desf., and Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo. These species are used traditionally in Morocco for treating people with diabetes, cancer, rheumatism, cold and asthma, hypertension, influenza virus infection, and respiratory ailments. In addition, they are occasionally used as calefacient agents, to regulate weight, or for capillary care. Few studies have underlined the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some of these Moroccan Ephedra species, but little information is available regarding the natural products at the origin of the bioactivities. Further phytochemical investigations and clinical data are encouraged to better support the use of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chroho
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, France
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, France
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
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Mahdavi B, Ebrahimi S, Farzi GA, Maleki B, Mohammadhosseini M. Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C. A. Mey Methanol Extract: Nanoencapsulation by Mini-Emulsion Polymerization and its Release Trend under Simulated Conditions of the Human Body. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400033. [PMID: 38488267 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In this research, the extract of Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. was encapsulated using the mini-emulsion polymerization method based on methyl methacrylate polymers with a nanometer size. The encapsulated extract was characterized using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, the loading efficiency and release of the plant extract were examined. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of an expectational product. The TEM and SEM imaging showed a spherical morphology for the prepared encapsulated extract. The average size of poly-methyl-methacrylate nanoparticles containing Ephedra extract was found to be approximately 47 nm. The extract loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency test demonstrated a dose-depending behavior on E. intermedia extract for both analyses, which is highly advantageous for traversing biological barriers. The release assay shows a controlled release for the extract at phosphate buffer solution (PBS). A 38 % release was calculated after 36 hours. The results obtained from the present study reveal that encapsulating the plant extract is a suitable alternative to control and increase their medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mahdavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sanaz Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Farzi
- Department of Polymer Science, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Behrooz Maleki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadhosseini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
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Yang N, Guo J, Zhang J, Gao S, Xiang Q, Wen J, Huang Y, Rao C, Chen Y. A toxicological review of alkaloids. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38465444 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2326051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds with complex structures found in natural plants. To further improve the understanding of plant alkaloids, this review focuses on the classification, toxicity and mechanisms of action, providing insight into the occurrence of alkaloid-poisoning events and guiding the safe use of alkaloids in food, supplements and clinical applications. Based on their chemical structure, alkaloids can be divided into organic amines, diterpenoids, pyridines, isoquinolines, indoles, pyrrolidines, steroids, imidazoles and purines. The mechanisms of toxicity of alkaloids, including neurotoxicity, hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and cytotoxicity, have also been reviewed. Some cases of alkaloid poisoning have been introduced when used as food or clinically, including accidental food poisoning, excessive consumption, and poisoning caused by the improper use of alkaloids in a clinical setting, and the importance of safety evaluation was illustrated. This review summarizes the toxicity and mechanism of action of alkaloids and provides evidence for the need for the safe use of alkaloids in food, supplements and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Yang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiafu Guo
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwen Xiang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayu Wen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- R&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wei F, Yin Y, Li J, Chang Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Ma X. Essential oil from Inula japonica Thunb. And its phenolic constituents ameliorate pulmonary injury and fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117169. [PMID: 37704119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pulmonary injury and fibrosis can be caused by various factors because of their inflammatory nature, both can lead to serious clinical consequences. Inula japonica Thunb. is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of lung diseases. However, the effect and mechanism of action of the essential oil of I. japonica (EOI) on pulmonary injury and fibrosis are not well understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the therapeutic effects of EOI on mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced acute pulmonary injury and chronic fibrosis formation, as well as its potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A short-term mouse model of pulmonary injury was established by intratracheal injection of BLM to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of EOI, and a long-term model of pulmonary fibrosis was used to explore the anti-fibrosis effect of EOI. High-dose EOI (200 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically, and low-dose (50 mg/kg) was administered by intratracheal injection. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the ingredients in EOI, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed for the preparation of EOI compounds. Western blot and real-time qPCR were used to verify the effects of EOI and its active composition on inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis signaling pathway. RESULTS Treatment with EOI significantly reduced the inflammation and oxidative stress by reducing the levels of inflammatory and oxidative cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde in BLM-treated mice with acute pulmonary injury. EOI treatment could also suppress the formation of fibrous tissue in mice with BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis through inhibiting TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt pathways. Chromatographic analysis and preparation suggested that fatty acid and phenol derivatives are present in EOI. Based on cellular inflammation and fibrosis models, the phenolic compounds in EOI can represent the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of EOI by regulating pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines such as NO, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, and α-SMA. CONCLUSION EOI ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis in mice by inhibiting the inflammatory response and regulating the redox equilibrium, as well as by mediating TGFβ/Smad and PI3K/Akt, which suggested that EOI has potential to treat pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wei
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuzhen Yin
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Li
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yibo Chang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Verovšek T, Celma A, Heath D, Heath E, Hernández F, Bijlsma L. Screening for new psychoactive substances in wastewater from educational institutions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117061. [PMID: 37659634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug (ab)use among young people is a serious issue, negatively impacting their well-being and prospects. The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) further complicates the situation as they are easily accessible (e.g., online), but users are at high risk of intoxication as their chemical identity is often unknown and toxicity poorly understood. While surveys and drug testing are traditionally used in educational institutions to comprehend drug use trends and establish effective prevention programs, they are not without their limitations. Accordingly, we investigated the occurrence of NPS in educational institutions through wastewater analysis and critically evaluated the viability of the approach. The study included eight wastewater samples from primary schools (ages 6-15 years), six from secondary schools (ages 15-19 years), three from institutions for both secondary and higher education (ages 15+), and six from higher educational institutions (ages 19+). Samples were obtained mid-week and evaluated in two Slovenian municipalities; the capital Ljubljana and a smaller one (M1). Samples were screened using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-HRMS), and NPS identified at three levels of confidence (Level 1: unequivocal, Level 2: probable, Level 3: tentative) from a suspect list containing over 5600 entries. NPS were identified in all types of educational institutions. Most were synthetic stimulants, with 3-MMC, ephedrine, 4-chloro-α-PPP, and ethcathinone being unequivocally identified. Also, NPS were present in wastewater from all educational institution types revealing potential spatial but no inter-institutional trends. Although specific groups cannot be targeted, the study, as a proof-of-concept, demonstrates that a suspect screening of wastewater employing LC-IMS-HRMS can be used as a radar for NPS in educational institutions and potentially replace invasive drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alberto Celma
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12006, Castellón, Spain.
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Leone M, Joosten A, Legrand M. Intraoperative hypotension is bad but could the treatment be even worse? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2023; 42:101226. [PMID: 37030394 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2023.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Leone
- Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, North Hospital, Marseille, France; Centre for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Inserm 1263, Inrae 1260, Marseille, France.
| | - Alexandre Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital De Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Matthieu Legrand
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; INI-CRCT Network, Nancy, France
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Eisenhofer G, Pamporaki C, Lenders JWM. Biochemical Assessment of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:862-909. [PMID: 36996131 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) require prompt consideration and efficient diagnosis and treatment to minimize associated morbidity and mortality. Once considered, appropriate biochemical testing is key to diagnosis. Advances in understanding catecholamine metabolism have clarified why measurements of the O-methylated catecholamine metabolites rather than the catecholamines themselves are important for effective diagnosis. These metabolites, normetanephrine and metanephrine, produced respectively from norepinephrine and epinephrine, can be measured in plasma or urine, with choice according to available methods or presentation of patients. For patients with signs and symptoms of catecholamine excess, either test will invariably establish the diagnosis, whereas the plasma test provides higher sensitivity than urinary metanephrines for patients screened due to an incidentaloma or genetic predisposition, particularly for small tumors or in patients with an asymptomatic presentation. Additional measurements of plasma methoxytyramine can be important for some tumors, such as paragangliomas, and for surveillance of patients at risk of metastatic disease. Avoidance of false-positive test results is best achieved by plasma measurements with appropriate reference intervals and preanalytical precautions, including sampling blood in the fully supine position. Follow-up of positive results, including optimization of preanalytics for repeat tests or whether to proceed directly to anatomic imaging or confirmatory clonidine tests, depends on the test results, which can also suggest likely size, adrenal vs extra-adrenal location, underlying biology, or even metastatic involvement of a suspected tumor. Modern biochemical testing now makes diagnosis of PPGL relatively simple. Integration of artificial intelligence into the process should make it possible to fine-tune these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Huang X, Hyuga S, Amakura Y, Hyuga M, Uchiyama N, Hakamatsuka T, Goda Y, Odaguchi H, Hanawa T, Kobayashi Y. Overlooked switch from transient sedation to sustained excitement in the Biphasic effects of Ephedra Herb extract administered orally to mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115827. [PMID: 36240977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In our previous study, we reported that Ephedra Herb extract (EHE) increased the locomotor activity of mice in the open-field test and reduced the immobility time in the forced swim test. Ephedrine alkaloids (EAs) are thought to be responsible for the adverse effects of Ephedra Herb. However, there are no reports to verify that the adverse effects of Ephedra Herb are caused by the amount of EAs in the herb. Therefore, we investigated whether these adverse effects of EHE are caused by the amounts of ephedrine (Eph) and pseudoephedrine (Pse) in the herbal extract. In a preliminary study of the time course analysis of the open field test, we newly observed that EHE evoked switching from transient sedation to sustained excitement. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to confirm whether EHE evokes switching from transient sedation to sustained excitement, investigate whether these actions of EHE are caused by the amount of ephedrine (Eph) and pseudoephedrine (Pse) in the herbal extract, and clarify the molecular mechanism of the transient sedative effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS The locomotor activity of mice was tested using the open-field test. The immobility times were measured using a forced swim test, and the motor dysfunction in mice was tested using the rotarod test. RESULTS EHE, Eph, and Pse induced transient motionlessness between 0 and 15 min after oral administration, however, they did not induce depression-like behavior and motor dysfunction in mice, suggesting that the motionlessness induced by EHE, Eph, or Pse resulted from sedation. The α2a adrenoceptor inhibitor, atipamezole, decreased their sedative effects. Thus, immediately after EHE administration, the transient sedative effect is mediated through the activation of the α2a adrenoreceptor by Eph and Pse. EHE and Eph increased total locomotor activity for 15-120 min after oral administration; however, Pse had no effect. Therefore, the slow-onset and sustained excitatory effects of EHE are mediated by Eph. CONCLUSIONS We discovered for the first time that EHE evokes diphasic action by switching from transient sedation to sustained excitement. The transient sedation was evoked by the Eph and Pse in the herbal extract via activation of the α2a adrenoceptor and the sustained excitement was caused by the Eph in the herbal extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Huang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; Oriental Medicine Research Center of Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ephedra alata Subsp. Alenda as a Novel Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Characterization Based on the Mass Spectrometry and Profiling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020323. [PMID: 36836680 PMCID: PMC9961366 DOI: 10.3390/life13020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine, for the first time, the phytochemical content of Ephedra alata pulp extract (EAP) and explore its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) was used for phytochemical analysis and three in vitro antioxidant assays together with three in vitro anti-inflammatory tests were used for the assessment of biological activity. The HPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis revealed the presence of 42 metabolites, including flavonoids, sphingolipides, fatty acids, ephedrine derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. In vitro findings revealed that EAP has interesting 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and ferrous ion chelating capacities (IC50 values were 0.57 mg/mL, 0.55 mg/mL, and 0.51 mg/mL for DPPH, superoxide radical, and ferrous ion, respectively). Furthermore, EAP showed a noticeable anti-inflammatory ability by inhibiting the two cyclooxygenase isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2 (IC50 of 59.1 and 58.8 µg/mL for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively), preventing protein denaturation (IC50 = 0.51 mg/mL), and protecting membrane stabilization (IC50 = 0.53 mg/mL). The results highlighted the use of Ephedra alata pulp as a potential source of natural compounds with therapeutic effects for the management of inflammatory disorders.
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Valorization of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and sweet sorghum bagasse for the production of bioethanol and phenylacetylcarbinol. Sci Rep 2023; 13:727. [PMID: 36639688 PMCID: PMC9839728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Open burning of agricultural residues causes numerous complications including particulate matter pollution in the air, soil degradation, global warming and many more. Since they possess bio-conversion potential, agro-industrial residues including sugarcane bagasse (SCB), rice straw (RS), corncob (CC) and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) were chosen for the study. Yeast strains, Candida tropicalis, C. shehatae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus were compared for their production potential of bioethanol and phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC), an intermediate in the manufacture of crucial pharmaceuticals, namely, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine. Among the substrates and yeasts evaluated, RS cultivated with C. tropicalis produced significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher ethanol concentration at 15.3 g L-1 after 24 h cultivation. The product per substrate yield (Yeth/s) was 0.38 g g-1 with the volumetric productivity (Qp) of 0.64 g L-1 h-1 and fermentation efficiency of 73.6% based on a theoretical yield of 0.51 g ethanol/g glucose. C. tropicalis grown in RS medium produced 0.303 U mL-1 pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), a key enzyme that catalyzes the production of PAC, with a specific activity of 0.400 U mg-1 protein after 24 h cultivation. This present study also compared the whole cells biomass of C. tropicalis with its partially purified PDC preparation for PAC biotransformation. The whole cells C. tropicalis PDC at 1.29 U mL-1 produced an overall concentration of 62.3 mM PAC, which was 68.4% higher when compared to partially purified enzyme preparation. The results suggest that the valorization of lignocellulosic residues into bioethanol and PAC will not only aid in mitigating the environmental challenge posed by their surroundings but also has the potential to improve the bioeconomy.
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Purnama SK, Doewes RI, Elumalai G, Azmi SH, Nuryadin I, Manshuralhudlori. BIOSENSOR DEVELOPMENT IN SPORTS DOPING WITH DEXAMETHASONE. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Dexamethasone is a type of drug that is considered a steroid. It belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. Objective: Develop an electrochemical sensor of dexamethasone in a pharmaceutical sample using electrodes modified with nanostructures of MnO2 and reduced graphene oxide (MnO2/rGO). The glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) used to make the GO nanostructures were first modified using a modified Hummers technique before electrochemically reduced. Methods: MnO2 nanomaterials were electrochemically deposited on rGO/GCE. SEM structural investigation indicated vertical tetragonal crystal development of -MnO2 nanostructures in sprayed rGO nanostructures. Results: Because of the high composite surface area, multiple exposed active sites, and the synergistic effect of MnO2 and rGO, the electrocatalytic reaction to dexamethasone of MnO2/rGO/CPE was shown to be broad, selective, stable, and sensitive in electrochemical tests using amperometry. It was established that the linear range, sensitivities, and detection limit of the sensor are 0 to 260 µM, 4.6153µA/µM and 0.005 µM, respectively. The MnO2/rGO/CPE was tested for accuracy and applicability in determining dexamethasone in pharmacological and human urine samples. Conclusion: The results revealed that the sensor could prepare acceptable recovery (96.34%) and RSD (3.58%), suggesting that it could be used as a reliable dexamethasone sensor in clinical samples. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rumi Iqbal Doewes
- Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia; Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia
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Zhao MY, Chen YH, Wang WY, Sun WP, Xiao HH, Yang HY, Sun N, Zhang H, Yin HB, Zhang YX, Xie M, Song HP. A strategy to comprehensively analyze the bioactivity of complex herbal prescriptions via peak-by-peak cutting and knock-out chromatography: Qiliqiangxin capsule as an example. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2446-2457. [PMID: 35503988 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An herbal prescription is usually composed of several herbal medicines. The complex and diverse components bring great challenges to its bioactivity study. To comprehensively analyze the bioactivity of an herbal prescription, a new strategy based on peak-by-peak cutting and knock-out chromatography was proposed. In this strategy, active compounds were screened out via peak-by-peak cutting from an herbal extract, and the influence of a compound on the overall activity of the herbal extract was evaluated by knock-out chromatography. Qiliqiangxin capsule is an herbal prescription composed of 11 herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic heart failure. A total of 71 peaks were collected through peak-by-peak cutting, and each peak was identified by high-resolution mass spectrum. The bioassay against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl showed that two types of compounds namely salvianolic acids and caffeoylquinic acids were potent scavengers. Knock-out chromatography suggested that the removement of one single compound had no obvious influence on the overall activity of Qiliqiangxin capsule. After all the main peaks in Qiliqiangxin capsule were knocked out, the remaining part still exhibited a potent activity, indicating a high activity stability of Qiliqiangxin capsule. The proposed strategy is helpful for the comprehensive analysis of the bioactivity of other herbal prescriptions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yue-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Wen-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Wan-Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Hong-He Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ye-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Hui-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province for Identification and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Viscera-State Theory and Application, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
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