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Guo QW, Lin J, Shen YL, Zheng YJ, Chen X, Su M, Zhang JC, Wang JH, Tang H, Su GM, Li ZK, Fang DZ. Reduced hepatic AdipoR2 by increased glucocorticoid mediates effect of psychosocial stress to elevate serum cholesterol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 592:112282. [PMID: 38815796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of psychosocial stress on serum cholesterol may offer valuable insights into the relationship between psychological disorders and endocrine diseases. However, these effects and their underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. Here we show that serum corticosterone, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are elevated in a mouse model of psychosocial stress. Furthermore, alterations occur in AdipoR2-mediated AMPK and PPARα signaling pathways in liver, accompanied by a decrease in LDL-C clearance and an increase in cholesterol synthesis. These changes are further verified in wild-type and AdipoR2 overexpression HepG2 cells incubated with cortisol and AdipoR agonist, and are finally confirmed by treating wild-type and hepatic-specific AdipoR2 overexpression mice with corticosterone. We conclude that increased glucocorticoid mediates the effects of psychosocial stress to elevate serum cholesterol by inhibiting AdipoR2-mediated AMPK and PPARα signaling to decrease LDL-C clearance and increase cholesterol synthesis in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Lin Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Jiang Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Mi Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ji Cheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jin Hua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Hui Tang
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, PR China
| | - Guo Ming Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zheng Ke Li
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ding Zhi Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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Jin Z, Wang X. Traditional Chinese medicine and plant-derived natural products in regulating triglyceride metabolism: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107387. [PMID: 39216839 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiometabolic disease is increasing globally, with a trend toward younger age of onset. Among these, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the efficacy of traditional lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins, in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, a significant residual risk of cardiovascular events remains, which is closely related to unmet triglyceride (TG) targets. The clinical application of current TG-lowering Western medicines has certain limitations, necessitating alternative or complementary therapeutic strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and plant-derived natural products, known for their safety owing to their natural origins and diverse biological activities, offer promising avenues for TG regulation with potentially fewer side effects. This review systematically summarises the mechanisms of TG metabolism and subsequently reviews the regulatory effects of TCM and plant-derived natural products on TG metabolism, including the inhibition of TG synthesis (via endogenous and exogenous pathways), promotion of TG catabolism, regulation of fatty acid absorption and transport, enhancement of lipophagy, modulation of the gut microbiota, and other mechanisms. In conclusion, through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies, this review consolidates the multifaceted regulatory roles of TCM and plant-derived natural products in TG metabolism and elucidates their potential as safer, multi-target therapeutic agents in managing hypertriglyceridemia and mitigating cardiovascular risk, thereby providing a basis for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jin
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Li R, Wang J, Liu J, Li M, Lu J, Zhou J, Zhang M, Ferri N, Chen H. Mulberry leaf and its effects against obesity: A systematic review of phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms and applications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155528. [PMID: 38555774 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hyperlipidemia can induce a variety of diseases, and have become major health problems worldwide. How to effectively prevent and control obesity has become one of the hot-spots of contemporary research. Mulberry leaf is the dried leaf of Morus alba L., which is approved by the Ministry of Health as a "homology of medicine and food", rich in diverse active constituents and with a variety of health effects including anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. PURPOSE The review attempts to summarize and provide the molecular basis, mechanism, safety and products for further exploration and application of mulberry leaf on the treatment on the control of weight gain and obesity. METHODS This review is conducted by using ScienceDirect, PubMed, CNKI and Web of Science databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS Based on the research progress of domestic and foreign scholars, the effective phytochemicals, molecular mechanisms and product applications of mulberry leaf in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases were summarized. CONCLUSION Mulberry leaf has excellent medicinal and health care value in obesity treatment. However, its pharmacodynamic substance basis and molecular mechanisms need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jingyang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jingna Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, Padua 535131, Italy
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Hou J, Ji X, Chu X, Shi Z, Wang B, Sun K, Wei H, Song Z, Wen F. Comprehensive lipidomic analysis revealed the effects of fermented Morus alba L. intake on lipid profile in backfat and muscle tissue of Yuxi black pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:764-777. [PMID: 38305489 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mulberry leaf is a widely used protein feed and is often used as a strategy to reduce feed costs and improve meat quality in the livestock industry. However, to date, there is a lack of research on the improvement of meat quality using mulberry leaves, and the exact mechanisms are not yet known. The results showed that fermented mulberry leaves significantly reduced backfat content but had no significant effect on intramuscular fat (IMF). Lipidomic analysis showed that 98 and 303 differential lipid molecules (p < 0.05) were identified in adipose and muscle tissues, respectively, including triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids, and especially TG; therefore, we analysed the acyl carbon atom number of TG. The statistical results of acyl with different carbon atom numbers of TG in adipose tissue showed that the acyl group containing 13 carbon atoms (C13) in TG was significantly upregulated, whereas C15, C16, C17, and C23 were significantly downregulated, whereas in muscle tissue, the C12, C19, C23, C25, and C26 in TG were significantly downregulated. Acyl changes in TG were different for different numbers of carbon atoms in different tissues. We found that the correlations of C (14-18) in adipose tissue were higher, but in muscle tissue, the correlations of C (18-26) were higher. Through pathway enrichment analysis, we identified six and four metabolic pathways with the highest contributions of differential lipid metabolites in adipose and muscle tissues respectively. These findings suggest that fermented mulberry leaves improve meat quality mainly by inhibiting TG deposition by downregulating medium- and short-chain fatty acids in backfat tissue and long-chain fatty acids in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoran Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhuoyan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Kangle Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haibo Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhen Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fengyun Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Kay Laboratory of High Quality Livestock and Poultry Germplasm Resources and Genetic Breeding of Luoyang, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Du Y, Zhang R, Zheng XX, Zhao YL, Chen YL, Ji S, Guo MZ, Tang DQ. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf water extract attenuates type 2 diabetes mellitus by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis, lipopolysaccharide elevation and endocannabinoid system disorder. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117681. [PMID: 38163557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf is a well-known herbal medicine and has been used to treat diabetes in China for thousands of years. Our previous studies have proven mulberry leaf water extract (MLWE) could improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, it is still unclear whether MLWE could mitigate T2D by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis and thereof improve intestinal permeability and metabolic dysfunction through modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endocannabinoid system (eCBs). AIM OF STUDY This study aims to explore the potential mechanism of MLWE on the regulation of metabolic function disorder of T2D mice from the aspects of gut microbiota, LPS and eCBs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gut microbiota was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. LPS, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-ararchidonylglycerol (2-AG) contents in blood were determined by kits or liquid phase chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The receptors, enzymes or tight junction protein related to eCBs or gut barrier were detected by RT-PCR or Western blot, respectively. RESULTS MLWE reduced the serum levels of AEA, 2-AG and LPS, decreased the expressions of N-acylphophatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, diacylglycerol lipase-α and cyclooxygenase 2, and increased the expressions of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), alpha/beta hydrolases domain 6/12 in the liver and ileum and occludin, monoacylglycerol lipase and cannabinoid receptor 1 in the ileum of T2D mice. Furthermore, MLWE could change the abundances of the genera including Acetatifactor, Anaerovorax, Bilophila, Colidextribacter, Dubosiella, Gastranaerophilales, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Oscillibacter and Rikenella related to LPS, AEA and/or 2-AG. Moreover, obvious improvement of MLWE treatment on serum AEA level, ileum occludin expression, and liver FAAH and NAAA expression could be observed in germ-free-mimic T2D mice. CONCLUSION MLWE could ameliorate intestinal permeability, inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism imbalance of T2D by regulating gut microbiota, LPS and eCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Medical Affairs, Xuzhou RenCi Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
| | - Yu-Lang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Meng-Zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China.
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Zheng XX, Li DX, Li YT, Chen YL, Zhao YL, Ji S, Guo MZ, Du Y, Tang DQ. Mulberry leaf water extract alleviates type 2 diabetes in mice via modulating gut microbiota-host co-metabolism of branched-chain amino acid. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3195-3210. [PMID: 37013717 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in circling branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) levels associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Morus alba L. water extracts (MLE) show hypoglycemic function, but the precise mechanism remains obscure. This study is designed to investigate the association of the antidiabetes effect of MLE with the BCAAs co-metabolism modulated by host and gut microbiota. Tissue-specific expressions of BCAA-catabolizing enzymes were detected by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The components of the intestinal microflora were analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that MLE administration improved blood glucose and insulin level, decreased inflammatory cytokines expression, and lowered serum and feces BCAAs levels. Furthermore, MLE reversed the abundance changes of the bacterial genera correlated with serum and feces BCAAs, such as Anaerovorax, Bilophila, Blautia, Colidextribacter, Dubosiella, Intestinimonas, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136, Oscillibacter, and Roseburia. Functionality prediction indicated that MLE potentially inhibited bacterial BCAAs biosynthesis, and promoted the tissue-specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme. More importantly, MLE had obvious impacts on BCAA catabolism in germ-free-mimic T2DM mice. Those results indicated that MLE improving T2DM-related biochemical abnormalities is associated with not only gut microbiota modification but also the tissue-specific expression of BCAAs catabolic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ding-Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ya-Ting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yu-Lang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221204, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
| | - Meng-Zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221204, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, 221202, China
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Zhu Y, Zhou X, Ling N, Yu Q, Wang H, Du Q. The Effect of Guisangyou Tea on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112171. [PMID: 37297416 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Guisangyou tea (GSY tea) in improving abnormal lipid metabolism in mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The results showed that intervention of the water extract of GSY tea (WE) decreased serum levels of lipids, and positively regulated the related antioxidant enzyme activities and the inflammatory factors in the serum and liver. In the liver, the mRNA and protein expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1 (SREBP-1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) related to lipid synthesis were downregulated, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) related to bile acid production were upregulated. The results demonstrate that GSY tea can improve abnormal lipid metabolism in obese mice by improving the body's antioxidant capacity, regulating the inflammatory state, and reducing the synthesis of lipids and increasing the production of bile acids. GSY tea can be processed and utilized as a safe and effective resource for improving abnormal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- College of Food and Health Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xianghui Zhou
- College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
| | - Nan Ling
- College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
| | - Qiming Yu
- College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- College of Food and Health Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qizhen Du
- College of Food and Health Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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