1
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Cao Y, Song Y, Fan X, Ma L, Feng T, Zeng J, Xue C, Xu J. A smartphone-assisted sensing hydrogels based on UCNPs@SiO 2-phenol red nanoprobes for detecting the pH of aquatic products. Food Chem 2024; 451:139428. [PMID: 38678665 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
For some aquatic products, pH has been considered a useful index to reflect the changes in materials during the loss of freshness. Based on the inner filter effect (IFE) between deprotonated phenol red (PR) and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), UCNPs coated with PR-doped SiO2 shell were embedded in agarose hydrogel to develop a smartphone-assisted method for pH sensing. With the enhancement of pH response using a phase transfer agent (i.e., tetra butyl ammonium hydroxide, TBAH), the proposed senor realized the colorimetric and fluorescence detection of pH in the range of pH 6.6-8 and pH 6-8, respectively. The sensor also showed satisfied reversibility when switched between pH 6 and 8 for at least 5 cycles. Moreover, this sensor displayed great sensitivity, stability, and portability in analyzing actual fish, shrimp, and shellfish samples, providing a new sight for evaluating the freshness of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunrui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
| | - Tingyu Feng
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Bioresources for Nutrition & Health Innovation, No. 106, Xiangyang Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, PR China
| | - Junpeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China; Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266235, PR China.
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sansha Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
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2
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Arai MS, Kim H, Pascavis M, Cha B, Brambilla G, Cho YK, Park J, Vilela RRC, de Camargo ASS, Castro CM, Lee H. Upconverting Nanoparticle-based Enhanced Luminescence Lateral-Flow Assay for Urinary Biomarker Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38243-38251. [PMID: 38980927 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Development of efficient portable sensors for accurately detecting biomarkers is crucial for early disease diagnosis, yet remains a significant challenge. To address this need, we introduce the enhanced luminescence lateral-flow assay, which leverages highly luminescent upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) alongside a portable reader and a smartphone app. The sensor's efficiency and versatility were shown for kidney health monitoring as a proof of concept. We engineered Er3+- and Tm3+-doped UCNPs coated with multiple layers, including an undoped inert matrix shell, a mesoporous silica shell, and an outer layer of gold (UCNP@mSiO2@Au). These coatings synergistically enhance emission by over 40-fold and facilitate biomolecule conjugation, rendering UCNP@mSiO2@Au easy to use and suitable for a broad range of bioapplications. Employing these optimized nanoparticles in lateral-flow assays, we successfully detected two acute kidney injury-related biomarkers─kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)─in urine samples. Using our sensor platform, KIM-1 and NGAL can be accurately detected and quantified within the range of 0.1 to 20 ng/mL, boasting impressively low limits of detection at 0.28 and 0.23 ng/mL, respectively. Validating our approach, we analyzed clinical urine samples, achieving biomarker concentrations that closely correlated with results obtained via ELISA. Importantly, our system enables biomarker quantification in less than 15 min, underscoring the performance of our novel UCNP-based approach and its potential as reliable, rapid, and user-friendly diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylyn Setsuko Arai
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Madeleine Pascavis
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Baekdong Cha
- Korea Institute of Machinery & Material, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Gabriel Brambilla
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Young Kwan Cho
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jinho Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Raquel R C Vilela
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Andrea S S de Camargo
- Glass Division, Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin ,Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller University (FSU), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cesar M Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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3
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Casillas-Rubio A, Mendez-Gonzalez D, Laurenti M, Rubio-Retama J, Calderón OG, Melle S. Impact of excitation pulse width on the upconversion luminescence lifetime of NaYF 4:Yb 3+,Er 3+ nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12184-12195. [PMID: 38842018 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The upconversion luminescence (UCL) lifetime has a wide range of applications, serving as a critical parameter for optimizing the performance of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in various fields. It is crucial to understand that this lifetime does not directly correlate with the decay time of the emission level; rather, it represents a compilation of all the physical phenomena taking place in the upconversion process. To delve deeper into this, we analyzed the dependence of the UCL lifetime on the excitation pulse width for β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles. The results revealed a significant increase in the UCL lifetime with both the excitation pulse width and the excitation intensity. The laser fluence was identified as the parameter governing the UCL decay dynamics. We showcased the universality of the pulse-width-dependent UCL lifetime phenomenon by employing UCNPs of various sizes, surface coatings, host matrices, Yb3+ and Er3+ ratios, and dispersing UCNPs in different solvents. Theoretical explanations for the experimental findings were derived through a rate equation analysis. Finally, we discussed the implications of these results in UCNP-FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer)-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Mendez-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Laurenti
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rubio-Retama
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar G Calderón
- Department of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28037 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Melle
- Department of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28037 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Schroter A, Hirsch T. Control of Luminescence and Interfacial Properties as Perspective for Upconversion Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306042. [PMID: 37986189 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) light is highly suitable for studying biological systems due to its minimal scattering and lack of background fluorescence excitation, resulting in high signal-to-noise ratios. By combining NIR light with lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), upconversion is used to generate UV or visible light within tissue. This remarkable property has gained significant research interest over the past two decades. Synthesis methods are developed to produce particles of various sizes, shapes, and complex core-shell architectures and new strategies are explored to optimize particle properties for specific bioapplications. The diverse photophysics of lanthanide ions offers extensive possibilities to tailor spectral characteristics by incorporating different ions and manipulating their arrangement within the nanocrystal. However, several challenges remain before UCNPs can be widely applied. Understanding the behavior of particle surfaces when exposed to complex biological environments is crucial. In applications where deep tissue penetration is required, such as photodynamic therapy and optogenetics, UCNPs show great potential as nanolamps. These nanoparticles can combine diagnostics and therapeutics in a minimally invasive, efficient manner, making them ideal upconversion probes. This article provides an overview of recent UCNP design trends, highlights past research achievements, and outlines potential future directions to bring upconversion research to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schroter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Zhang F, Oiticica PRA, Abad-Arredondo J, Arai MS, Oliveira ON, Jaque D, Fernandez Dominguez AI, de Camargo ASS, Haro-González P. Brownian Motion Governs the Plasmonic Enhancement of Colloidal Upconverting Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3785-3792. [PMID: 38497999 PMCID: PMC10979430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles are essential in modern photonics due to their ability to convert infrared light to visible light. Despite their significance, they exhibit limited brightness, a key drawback that can be addressed by combining them with plasmonic nanoparticles. Plasmon-enhanced upconversion has been widely demonstrated in dry environments, where upconverting nanoparticles are immobilized, but constitutes a challenge in liquid media where Brownian motion competes against immobilization. This study employs optical tweezers for the three-dimensional manipulation of an individual upconverting nanoparticle, enabling the exploration of plasmon-enhanced upconversion luminescence in water. Contrary to expectation, experiments reveal a long-range (micrometer scale) and moderate (20%) enhancement in upconversion luminescence due to the plasmonic resonances of gold nanostructures. Comparison between experiments and numerical simulations evidences the key role of Brownian motion. It is demonstrated how the three-dimensional Brownian fluctuations of the upconverting nanoparticle lead to an "average effect" that explains the magnitude and spatial extension of luminescence enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchan Zhang
- Nanomaterials
for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Abad-Arredondo
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marylyn Setsuko Arai
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics, University
of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials
for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio I. Fernandez Dominguez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Simone Stucchi de Camargo
- Federal
Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Friedrich
Schiller University (FSU), Jena 07737, Germany
| | - Patricia Haro-González
- Nanomaterials
for Bioimaging Group (nanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Tingyuan P, Xiaorui L, Jia L, Qi S, Junren L, Ling H, Wenying S, Xiaoshun J, Meimei Z. Highly sensitive and accurate detection of cholesterol based on a single red upconversion biosensor. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7858-7866. [PMID: 38449817 PMCID: PMC10915588 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol (CHOL) is an important clinical biochemical indicator that plays an important role in the regulation of the fluidity, permeability, and microstructure of cell membranes. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately monitor CHOL levels in biological samples for the early prevention and diagnosis of various diseases. The single-band red upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) emits light within the optical transmission window of biological tissues, and can penetrate deeper biological tissues and cause less energy loss due to scattering and thus have higher sensitivity and accuracy. Here, using the nontoxic, sensitive, and photochemically stable 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the quenching agent and single red UCNP as the fluorescent donor, a dual-readout colorimetric and fluorescent sensor was developed to detect CHOL. The detection mechanism and feasibility were discussed in detail, and experimental conditions such as Fe2+ concentration, TMB concentration and reaction time were explored. Under optimal conditions, the limits of CHOL detection by colorimetry and fluorescence were 0.85 μM and 0.63 μM. The sensing system was used to measure CHOL in serum samples and the values obtained by these two modes were close, and the spiked recoveries were 97.2-102.2% and 97.1-103.7%, respectively, which holds great potential in clinical diagnosis and health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Tingyuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Liu Xiaorui
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Song Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Li Junren
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Han Ling
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department (Internal Medicine Section 5), Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Shu Wenying
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jian Xiaoshun
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhang Meimei
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
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7
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Guo Y, Zhao T, Guo Q, Ding M, Chen X, Lin J. Highly sensitive detection for xanthine by combining single-band red up-conversion nanoparticles and cycle signal amplification strategy based on internal filtration effect. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123566. [PMID: 37871542 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), especially single-band bright red UCNPs, have better penetration of biological tissues, absorb less lost energy, and have higher sensitivity and accuracy in the determination of actual biological samples in the field of biosensing. Here, a novel colorimetric and fluorescent dual-channel method based upon an internal filtration effect (IFE) quenching mechanism was proposed for the quantitative analysis of xanthine (XA) by using red UCNPs as fluorescence indicator and 3,3',5,5' -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as chromogenic substrate. The sensitivity of the detection system was also enhanced by a cycle signal amplification strategy based on the Fenton reaction. Under the best conditions, the detection limits of XA by fluorescent and colorimetric methods were 0.58 μM and 1.19 μM, respectively. The developed method was applied to the detection of XA in actual serum samples, and the recoveries of the spiked samples by fluorescent and colorimetric methods were in the range of 96.3-104.3 % and 94.3-105.4 %, respectively. In addition, the commercial ELISA method was used to verify the application of the proposed method and the test results of XA were close to those obtained by fluorescent and colorimetric methods, indicating that the accuracy of the developed nanosensing system was acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Department of CT/MRI, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Tianlu Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qiaonan Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Mingji Ding
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Jianqing Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
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8
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Guo Y, Tang Y, Tan Y, Li Y, Xiang Y. Nanomaterials for Fluorescent Detection of Hemoglobin. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38227424 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2301660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Hemoglobin plays a vital role in a series of biological activities. Abnormal levels of hemoglobin in blood are associated with many clinical diseases. Therefore, development of simple and accurate methods for sensing hemoglobin is of considerable significance. The blowout advancement in nanotechnology has urged the use of different types of fluorescent nanomaterials for hemoglobin assay. The past decades have witnessed the rapid progress of fluorescent nanosensors for hemoglobin assay. In the review, the sensing principles of fluorescent nanomaterials for sensing hemoglobin were briefly discussed. The advances of fluorescent nanosensors for detection of hemoglobin were further highlighted. And the sensing performance of fluorescent nanosensors versus traditional detection approaches was compared. Finally, the challenges and future directions of fluorescent nanomaterials for detection of hemoglobin are discussed. The review will arouse much more attention to the construction of hemoglobin sensors and facilitate rapid development of fluorescent nanosensors of hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiting Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijin Li
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yubin Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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Abraham MK, Madanan AS, Varghese S, Shkhair AI, Indongo G, Rajeevan G, Vijila NS, George S. NaYF 4:Yb/Ho upconversion nanoprobe incorporated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) based FRET immunosensor for the "turn-on" detection of cardiac troponin I. Analyst 2023; 149:231-243. [PMID: 38031450 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a significant biomarker for acute heart attack. Hence, fast, economical, easy and real time monitoring of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is of great importance in diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure in the healthcare domain. In this work, an immunoassay based on NaYF4:Yb/Ho based photon-upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) with narrow emission peaks at 540 nm and 655 nm respectively, is synthesized. Then, it is encapsulated with amino functionalized silica using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to form APTES@SiO2-NaYF4:Yb/Ho UCNPs. When AuNPs is added to this system, the fluorescence is quenched by the electrostatic interaction with APTES@SiO2-NaYF4:Yb/Ho UCNPs, thereby exhibiting a FRET-based biosensor. When the cTnI antigen is introduced into the developed probe, an antibody-antigen complex is formed on the surface of the UCNPs resulting in fluorescence recovery. The developed sensor shows a linear response towards cTnI in the range from 0.1693 ng mL-1 to 1.9 ng mL-1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 5.5 × 10-2 ng mL-1. The probe exhibits adequate selectivity and sensitivity when compared with coexisting cardiac biomarkers, biomolecules and in real human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin K Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Anju S Madanan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Susan Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Ali Ibrahim Shkhair
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Geneva Indongo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Greeshma Rajeevan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - N S Vijila
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
| | - Sony George
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.
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10
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Paul S, Daga P, Dey N. Exploring Various Photochemical Processes in Optical Sensing of Pesticides by Luminescent Nanomaterials: A Concise Discussion on Challenges and Recent Advancements. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44395-44423. [PMID: 38046331 PMCID: PMC10688216 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a burning global issue in this present era. The prevalence of harmful food additives and contaminants in everyday food is a significant cause for concern as they can adversely affect human health. More particularly, among the different food contaminants, the use of excessive pesticides in agricultural products is severely hazardous. So, the optical detection of residual pesticides is an effective strategy to counter the hazardous effect and ensure food safety. In this perspective, nanomaterials have played a leading role in defending the open threat against food safety instigated by the reckless use of pesticides. Now, nanomaterial-based optical detection of pesticides has reached full pace and needs an inclusive discussion. This Review covers the advancement of photoprocess-based optical detection of pesticides categorically using nanomaterials. Here, we have thoroughly dissected the photoprocesses (aggregation and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), charge transfer and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), electron transfer and photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), hydrogen bonding, and inner filter effect) and categorically demarcated their significant role in the optical detection of pesticides by luminescent nanomaterials over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Pooja Daga
- Department
of Chemistry, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati
University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
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11
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Wang X, Jiang C, Wang Z, Cohen BE, Chan EM, Chen G. Triplet-Induced Singlet Oxygen Photobleaches Near-Infrared Dye-Sensitized Upconversion Nanosystems. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7001-7007. [PMID: 37493432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The rapid photobleaching of near-infrared (NIR) dye-sensitized upconversion nanosystems is one of the crucial problems that has blocked their technological applications. Uncovering the photophysical and photochemical pathways of NIR dyes would help to elucidate the photobleaching mechanism and thereby improve the photostability of the system. Here we investigate the triplet dynamics of NIR dyes and their interaction with triplet oxygen in the typically investigated IR806-sensitized upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) nanosystem. Low-temperature fluorescence at 77 K provides direct proof of the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) under 808 nm laser irradiation. Mass spectrometry indicates that all three double bonds in the structure of IR806 can be broken in the photochemical process. Coupling IR806 to the surface of UCNPs can accelerate its triplet dynamics, thus producing more 1O2 to photocleave IR806. Importantly, we find that the addition of β-carotene can scavenge the generated 1O2, thereby providing a simple method to effectively inhibit photobleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Zhejiang Jiaxing & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics based Intelligent Sensing and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Jiaxing 314006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Jiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeming Wang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Guanying Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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12
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Battalapalli D, Chakraborty P, Jain D, Obaro SK, Gurkan UA, Bonomo RA, Draz MS. Polyethylene Glycol-Mediated Directional Conjugation of Biological Molecules for Enhanced Immunoassays at the Point-of-Care. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3316. [PMID: 37571209 PMCID: PMC10422345 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests can have a significant impact on global health. One of the most common approaches for developing POC systems is the use of target-specific biomolecules. However, the conjugation of biomolecules can result in decreased activity, which may compromise the analytical performance and accuracy of the developed systems. To overcome this challenge, we present a polymer-based cross-linking protocol for controlled and directed conjugation of biological molecules. Our protocol utilizes a bifunctional thiol-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hydrazide polymer to enable site-directed conjugation of IgG antibodies to the surface of screen-printed metal electrodes. The metal surface of the electrodes is first modified with thiolated PEG molecules, leaving the hydrazide groups available to react with the aldehyde group in the Fc fragments of the oxidized IgG antibodies. Using anti-Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) antibody as a model antibody used for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing, our results demonstrate a ~10-fold increase in antibody coupling compared with the standard N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-based conjugation chemistry and effective capture (>94%) of the target KPC-2 enzyme antigen on the surface of modified electrodes. This straightforward and easy-to-perform strategy of site-directed antibody conjugation can be engineered for coupling other protein- and non-protein-based biological molecules commonly used in POC testing and development, thus enhancing the potential for improved diagnostic accuracy and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purbali Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Disha Jain
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen K. Obaro
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- CWRU-Cleveland VAMC Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mohamed S. Draz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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13
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Zharkov DK, Leontyev AV, Shmelev AG, Nurtdinova LA, Chuklanov AP, Nurgazizov NI, Nikiforov VG. Upconversion Luminescence Response of a Single YVO 4:Yb, Er Particle. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14051075. [PMID: 37241698 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of the luminescence response studies of a single YVO4:Yb, Er particle of 1-µm size. Yttrium vanadate nanoparticles are well-known for their low sensitivity to surface quenchers in water solutions which makes them of special interest for biological applications. First, YVO4:Yb, Er nanoparticles (in the size range from 0.05 µm up to 2 µm), using the hydrothermal method, were synthesized. Nanoparticles deposited and dried on a glass surface exhibited bright green upconversion luminescence. By means of an atomic-force microscope, a 60 × 60 µm2 square of a glass surface was cleaned from any noticeable contaminants (more than 10 nm in size) and a single particle of 1-µm size was selected and placed in the middle. Confocal microscopy revealed a significant difference between the collective luminescent response of an ensemble of synthesized nanoparticles (in the form of a dry powder) and that of a single particle. In particular, a pronounced polarization of the upconversion luminescence from a single particle was observed. Luminescence dependences on the laser power are quite different for the single particle and the large ensemble of nanoparticles as well. These facts attest to the notion that upconversion properties of single particles are highly individual. This implies that to use an upconversion particle as a single sensor of the local parameters of a medium, the additional studying and calibration of its individual photophysical properties are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry K Zharkov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrey V Leontyev
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Artemi G Shmelev
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Larisa A Nurtdinova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anton P Chuklanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Niaz I Nurgazizov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Victor G Nikiforov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract, 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
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14
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Pradanas-González F, Peltomaa R, Lahtinen S, Luque-Uría Á, Más V, Barderas R, Maragos CM, Canales Á, Soukka T, Benito-Peña E, Moreno-Bondi MC. Homogeneous immunoassay for cyclopiazonic acid based upon mimotopes and upconversion-resonance energy transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 233:115339. [PMID: 37126866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Penicillium spp. are used for fungi-ripened cheeses and Aspergillus spp. routinely contaminate maize and other crops. Some of these strains can produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), including the neurotoxin α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). In this work, we developed a homogeneous upconversion-resonance energy transfer (UC-RET) immunoassay for the detection of CPA using a novel epitope mimicking peptide, or mimotope, selected by phage display. CPA-specific antibody was used to isolate mimotopes from a cyclic 7-mer peptide library in consecutive selection rounds. Enrichment of antibody binding phages was achieved, and the analysis of individual phage clones revealed four different mimotope peptide sequences. The mimotope sequence, ACNWWDLTLC, performed best in phage-based immunoassays, surface plasmon resonance binding analyses, and UC-RET-based immunoassays. To develop a homogeneous assay, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP, type NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+) were used as energy donors and coated with streptavidin to anchor the synthetic biotinylated mimotope. Alexa Fluor 555, used as an energy acceptor, was conjugated to the anti-CPA antibody fragment. The homogeneous single-step immunoassay could detect CPA in just 5 min and enabled a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 pg mL-1 (1.5 μg kg-1) and an IC50 value of 0.36 ng mL-1. No significant cross-reactivity was observed with other co-produced mycotoxins. Finally, we applied the novel method for the detection of CPA in spiked maize samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) as a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pradanas-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riikka Peltomaa
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Lahtinen
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Álvaro Luque-Uría
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Más
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1815 N University, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Life Technologies/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María C Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Interparticle energy transfer between NaNdF4 and NaYbF4 in self-assembled nanostructures. J RARE EARTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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16
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Fernandes NB, Nayak Y, Garg S, Nayak UY. Multifunctional engineered mesoporous silica/inorganic material hybrid nanoparticles: Theranostic perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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K S, K M, Bankapur A, George SD. Energy transfer between optically trapped single ligand-free upconversion nanoparticle and dye. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:175702. [PMID: 36706452 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb69f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The quenching in luminescence emission of an optically trapped ligand-free hydrophilic NaYF4:Yb, Er upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) as a function of rose Bengal dye molecule is investigated here. The removal of oleate capping of the as-prepared UCNPs was achieved via acid treatment and characterized via FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Further, the capping removed hydrophilic single UCNP is optically trapped and the emission studies were carried out as a function of excitation laser power. Compared to the studies using the bulk solution, the single UCNP luminescence spectrum exhibited additional spectral lines. The excitation laser power-dependent studies using the bulk solution yield a slope value between 1 and 2 for Blue, Green 1, Green 2, and Red emission and thus indicate that upconversion is a two-photon upconversion process. On the other hand, in the case of laser power-dependent studies on an optically trapped single-particle study, Blue and Green 1 yield a slope value of less than 1 whereas Green 2 and Red emission gave a slope value between 1 and 2. The energy transfer studies between an optically trapped ligand-free single UCNP and the rose Bengal dye show a concentration-dependent quenching in the emission of Green emissions and illustrate the potential of developing sensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Monisha K
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Aseefhali Bankapur
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sajan D George
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Applied Nanosciences (CAN), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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18
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Assessing the reproducibility and up-scaling of the synthesis of Er,Yb-doped NaYF 4-based upconverting nanoparticles and control of size, morphology, and optical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2288. [PMID: 36759652 PMCID: PMC9911732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide-based, spectrally shifting, and multi-color luminescent upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have received much attention in the last decades because of their applicability as reporter for bioimaging, super-resolution microscopy, and sensing as well as barcoding and anti-counterfeiting tags. A prerequisite for the broad application of UCNPs in areas such as sensing and encoding are simple, robust, and easily upscalable synthesis protocols that yield large quantities of UCNPs with sizes of 20 nm or more with precisely controlled and tunable physicochemical properties from low-cost reagents with a high reproducibility. In this context, we studied the reproducibility, robustness, and upscalability of the synthesis of β-NaYF4:Yb, Er UCNPs via thermal decomposition. Reaction parameters included solvent, precursor chemical compositions, ratio, and concentration. The resulting UCNPs were then examined regarding their application-relevant physicochemical properties such as size, size distribution, morphology, crystal phase, chemical composition, and photoluminescence. Based on these screening studies, we propose a small volume and high-concentration synthesis approach that can provide UCNPs with different, yet controlled size, an excellent phase purity and tunable morphology in batch sizes of up to at least 5 g which are well suited for the fabrication of sensors, printable barcodes or authentication and recycling tags.
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19
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Nhu Van H, Dinh Tam P, Pham VH, Nguyen DH, Xuan Thang C, Quoc Minh L. Control of red upconversion emission in Er3+–Yb3+– Fe3+ tri–doped biphasic calcium phosphate. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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20
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Jin H, Yang M, Gui R. Ratiometric upconversion luminescence nanoprobes from construction to sensing, imaging, and phototherapeutics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:859-906. [PMID: 36533436 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05721b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In terms of the combined advantages of upconversion luminescence (UCL) properties and dual-signal ratiometric outputs toward specific targets, the ratiometric UCL nanoprobes exhibit significant applications. This review summarizes and discusses the recent advances in ratiometric UCL nanoprobes, mainly including the construction of nanoprobe systems for sensing, imaging, and phototherapeutics. First, the construction strategies are introduced, involving different types of nanoprobe systems, construction methods, and ratiometric dual-signal modes. Then, the sensing applications are summarized, involving types of targets, sensing mechanisms, sensing targets, and naked-eye visual detection of UCL colors. Afterward, the phototherapeutic applications are discussed, including bio-toxicity, bio-distribution, biosensing, and bioimaging at the level of living cells and small animals, and biomedicine therapy. Particularly, each section is commented on by discussing the state-of-the-art relevant studies on ratiometric UCL nanoprobe systems. Moreover, the current status, challenges, and perspectives in the forthcoming studies are discussed. This review facilitates the exploration of functionally luminescent nanoprobes for excellent sensing, imaging, biomedicine, and multiple applications in significant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Rijun Gui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, P. R. China.
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21
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Pramanik SK, Sreedharan S, Tiwari R, Dutta S, Kandoth N, Barman S, Aderinto SO, Chattopadhyay S, Das A, Thomas JA. Nanoparticles for super-resolution microscopy: intracellular delivery and molecular targeting. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9882-9916. [PMID: 36420611 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following an overview of the approaches and techniques used to acheive super-resolution microscopy, this review presents the advantages supplied by nanoparticle based probes for these applications. The various clases of nanoparticles that have been developed toward these goals are then critically described and these discussions are illustrated with a variety of examples from the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.
| | - Sreejesh Sreedharan
- Human Science Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston road, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Rajeshwari Tiwari
- CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.
| | - Sourav Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Noufal Kandoth
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Surajit Barman
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Stephen O Aderinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS-Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India.
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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22
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Krut’ko VA, Komova MG, Pominova DV, Nikiforova GE, Gavrikov AV, Petrova KV, Sadovnikov AA. Spectral-Luminescent Properties of Oxogermanate-Borates La3Gd11 – x – yYbxEryGe2B6O34 Prepared by Coprecipitation. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023622602069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Interactions of yttrium and lanthanum fluorides with other fluorides. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Ravaro LP, Arai MS, Maia LJQ, Reza Dousti M, Santiago PHDO, Ellena J, de Camargo ASS. Multifunctional Platform Based on a Copper(I) Complex and NaYF 4:Tm 3+,Yb 3+ Upconverting Nanoparticles Immobilized into a Polystyrene Matrix: Downshifting and Upconversion Oxygen Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47902-47912. [PMID: 36254393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an innovative approach to obtain a multifunctional hybrid material operating via combined anti-Stokes (upconversion) and Stokes (downshifting) emissions for oxygen gas sensing and related functionalities. The material is based on a Cu(I) complex exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission (TADF) and infrared-to-visible upconverting Tm3+/Yb3+-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles supported in a polystyrene (PS) matrix. Excitation of the hybrid material at 980 nm leads to efficient transfer of Tm3+ emission in the ultraviolet/blue region to the Cu(I) complex and consequently intense green emission (560 nm) of the latter. Additionally, the green emission of the complex can also be directly generated with excitation at 360 nm. Independently of the excitation wavelength, the emission intensity is efficiently suppressed by the presence of molecular oxygen and the quenching rate is properly characterized by the Stern-Volmer plots. The results indicate that the biocompatible hybrid material can be applied as an efficient O2 sensor operating via near-infrared or ultraviolet excitation, unlike most optical oxygen sensors currently available which only work in downshifting mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro P Ravaro
- Graduate Program on Physics Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, 54518-430 Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marylyn S Arai
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lauro J Q Maia
- Physics Institute, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - M Reza Dousti
- Graduate Program on Physics Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, 54518-430 Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Javier Ellena
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea S S de Camargo
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Gerelkhuu Z, Lee YI, Yoon TH. Upconversion Nanomaterials in Bioimaging and Biosensor Applications and Their Biological Response. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3470. [PMID: 36234598 PMCID: PMC9565472 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, upconversion nanomaterials (UCNMs) have attracted considerable research interest because of their unique optical properties, such as large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emissions, non-photobleaching, and long lifetime. These unique properties make them ideal candidates for unified applications in biomedical fields, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and photodynamic therapy for specific cancers. This review describes the general mechanisms of upconversion, synthesis methods, and potential applications in biology and their biological responses. Additionally, the biological toxicity of UCNMs is explained and summarized with the associated intracellular association mechanisms. Finally, the prospects and future challenges of UCNMs at the clinical level in biological applications are described, along with a summary of opportunity for biological as well as clinical applications of UCNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yong-Ill Lee
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 71408, Vietnam
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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26
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DNA nanomachine activation and Zn2+ imaging in living cells with single NIR irradiation. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Choi J, Kim SY. Synthesis of near-infrared-responsive hexagonal-phase upconversion nanoparticles with controllable shape and luminescence efficiency for theranostic applications. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:646-658. [PMID: 35699103 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221108483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, photodynamic therapy has been studied as a therapeutic method by generating singlet oxygen through activation of a photosensitizer (PS) to kill cancer cells. However, the light within the activating wavelength range of commercial photosensitizers has a low penetration depth. In this study, we designed multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) that can emit high-energy light by absorbing low-energy near-infrared (NIR) light with excellent tissue permeability through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer procedure. This process can produce reactive oxygen species by activating the PS. We aimed to optimize the thermal decomposition synthesis procedure to produce lanthanide-doped UCNs with a uniform size and improve the photoluminescence efficiency for an NIR-regulated theranostic system. It was confirmed that the morphologies of UCNs can be controlled by varying the reaction time, reaction temperature, and feed molar ratio of the solvent and reactant. The crystalline morphology of the synthesized UCNs showed a thermodynamically stable hexagonal phase. The photoluminescence efficiency of the UCNs also was influenced by size, surface area, crystalline property, and stability in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the surface-modified UCNs with a folic acid-conjugated block copolymer and PS exhibited enhanced singlet oxygen generation and significantly improved aqueous solubility and photoluminescence efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseon Choi
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical engineering education, College of Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Pominova D, Romanishkin I, Proydakova V, Kuznetsov S, Grachev P, Ryabova A, Tabachkova NY, Fedorov P, Loschenov V. Study of synthesis temperature effect on β-NaGdF 4: Yb 3+, Er 3+upconversion luminescence efficiency and decay time using maximum entropy method. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35263723 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac5bdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Upconversion materials have several advantages for many applications due to their great potential in converting infrared light to visible. For practical use, it is necessary to achieve high intensity of UC luminescence, so the studies of the optimal synthesis parameters for upconversion nanoparticles are still going on. In the present work, we analyzed the synthesis temperature effect on the efficiency and luminescence decay of β-NaGd0.78Yb0.20Er0.02F4 (15-25 nm) upconversion nanoparticles with hexagonal crystal structure synthesized by anhydrous solvothermal technique. The synthesis temperature was varied in the 290-320°C range. The synthesis temperature was shown to have a significant influence on the upconversion luminescence efficiency and decay time. The coherent scattering domain linearly depended on the synthesis temperature and was in the range 13.1-22.3 nm, while the efficiency of the upconversion luminescence increases exponentially from 0.02 to 0.10% under 1 W/cm2 excitation. For a fundamental analysis of the reasons for the upconversion luminescence intensity dependence on the synthesis temperature, it was proposed to use the maximum entropy method for luminescence decay kinetics processing. This method does not require a preliminary setting of the number of exponents and, due to this, makes it possible to estimate additional components in the luminescence decay kinetics, which are attributed to different populations of rare-earth ions in different conditions. Two components in the green luminescence and one component in the red luminescence decay kinetics were revealed for nanoparticles prepared at 290-300°C. An intense short and a weak long component in green luminescence decay kinetics could be associated with two different populations of ions in the surface quenching layer and the crystal core volume. With an increase in the synthesis temperature, the second component disappears, and the decay time increases due to an increase in the number of ions in the crystal core volume and a more uniform distribution of dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Pominova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str., 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Vera Proydakova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Sergei Kuznetsov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Pavel Grachev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Anastasia Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Natalie Yu Tabachkova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str. 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Pavel Fedorov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Victor Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, Vavilova str 38, Moskva, 119991, RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Nannuri SH, Singh S, Misra SK, Chidangil S, George SD. Microwave-assisted synthesis and upconversion luminescence of NaYF 4:Yb, Gd, Er and NaYF 4:Yb, Gd, Tm nanorods. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35213848 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac58e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Anisotropic rare-earth ion (RE3+) doped fluoride upconversion particles are emerging as a potential candidate in diverse areas, ranging from biomedical imaging to photonics. Here, we develop a facile strategy to synthesize NaYF4:Yb, Er, Gd and NaYF4:Yb, Tm, Gd upconversion nanorods via microwave synthesis route by controlling the synthesis time and compared the optical properties of similar nanorods prepared via solvothermal technique. With the increase in synthesis time, the phase of the particle was found to change from mixed-phase to purely hexagonal and the morphology of the particles change the mixed phase of spherical and rod-shaped particles to completely nanorods for a synthesis time of 60 minutes. Further, the intrinsically hydrophobic particles changed to hydrophilic by removal of oleic capping via acid treatment and the amine-functionalized silica coating. The upconversion luminescence, as well as laser power-dependent emission properties of the surface-modified particles, elucidate that the surface modification route influence the upconversion luminescence as well as solvent-dependent emission properties. Moreover, the laser power-dependent studies elucidate that the upconversion process in a multi-photon process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand H Nannuri
- Department of Atomic and MOlecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, AB-5, LG-1, MIT Campus, MAHE. Manipal, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, INDIA
| | - Simranjit Singh
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT Gandhinagar, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, INDIA
| | - Superb Kumar Misra
- Materials Science and Engineering, IIT Gandhinagar, Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, 382424, INDIA
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, AB-5, LG-1, MIT campus, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, INDIA
| | - Sajan D George
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Academic Block -5, LG-01, MIT Campus, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, INDIA
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30
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Alexaki K, Kyriazi ME, Greening J, Taemaitree L, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Zhang X, Muskens OL, Kanaras AG. A SARS-Cov-2 sensor based on upconversion nanoparticles and graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18445-18449. [PMID: 35799935 PMCID: PMC9215703 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03599e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increased need for the development of novel diagnostic solutions that can accurately and rapidly detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this work, we demonstrate the targeting of viral oligonucleotide markers within minutes without the requirement of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification step via the use of oligonucleotide-coated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and graphene oxide (GO). A simple and sensitive sensor made of upconversion nanoparticles and graphene oxide to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA rapidly.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Alexaki
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Maria Eleni Kyriazi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Joshua Greening
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lapatrada Taemaitree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Afaf H. El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xunli Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK
| | - Otto L. Muskens
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK
| | - Antonios G. Kanaras
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK
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31
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Liu X, He C, Huang Q, Yu M, Qiu Z, Cheng H, Yang Y, Hao X, Wang X. A facile visualized solid-phase detection of virus-specific nucleic acid sequences through an upconversion activated linear luminescence recovery process. Analyst 2022; 147:2378-2387. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the LRET between UCNPs and AuNPs, a solid-phase biosensor was developed for detection of virus-specific nucleic acid sequences by the naked eye, and is expected to become a fast, facile, efficient and reliable POCT platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan He
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- School of Public Health & Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Qiu
- School of Public Health & Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Haoxin Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Yang
- School of Public Health & Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Xian Hao
- School of Public Health & Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
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