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Tukur F, Mabe T, Liu M, Tukur P, Wei J. A Plasmonic Nanoledge Array Sensor for Selective Detection of Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Human Whole Blood. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:20024-20033. [PMID: 39296866 PMCID: PMC11406491 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical sensors face challenges when detecting ultralow amounts of analytes in whole blood, including signal quenching due to optical absorption and false positives due to nonspecific binding. This study introduces gold nanoscale array features termed nanoledges (NLs), which interact with incident white light to produce a transmitted surface plasmon resonance (tSPR) signal. This extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) spectrum occurs in the near-infrared (NIR) region, thereby minimizing signal quenching caused by visible-light absorption from blood proteins and pigments. To develop a sensitive, selective, and label-free optical biosensor for detecting various levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in very small volumes of whole blood samples, DNA aptamers are tethered to the NL surface, specifically binding to the cTnI biomarker. This biological binding activity alters the refractive index at the NL surface, causing a peak shift in the EOT spectrum and enabling quantification of cTnI levels. The NL array chip demonstrated high sensitivity for cTnI detection in buffer, human serum (HS), and human whole blood (HB), with detection limits of 0.079, 0.084, and 0.097 ng/mL, respectively. Control measurements using blank target mediums and those containing up to 125 ng/mL of other proteins, such as myoglobin, creatine kinase, and heparin, showed minimal interference and high specificity. The NL plasmonic array's performance in biosensing underscores its promise for clinical analysis and its potential development as a point-of-care platform for early cardiovascular disease (CVD) diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tukur
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Taylor Mabe
- 3i Nanotech, Inc., 2901 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Mengxin Liu
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Panesun Tukur
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
- 3i Nanotech, Inc., 2901 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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2
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Xie X, Chang X, Kang S, Fang Y, Ivasenko O. Micro-patterning of C-C covalently-bound grafts by mechanochemical imprint lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8375-8378. [PMID: 38957014 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A simple, inexpensive and versatile patterned removal of C-C grafts has been realized for scalable multicomponent micropatterned functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Xie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Shuilong Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Fang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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3
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Choudhary P, Singh VK, Dixit A. 2D-Bio-FETs for sensitive detection of cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:413004. [PMID: 38959912 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5ee9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The biosensing industry has seen exponential growth in the past decade. Impact of biosensors in the current scenario cannot be overlooked. Cardiovascular diseases (CvDs) have been recognized as one of the major causes for millions of deaths globally. This mortality can be minimized by early and accurate detection/diagnosis of CvDs with the help of biosensing devices. This also presents a global market opportunity for the development of biosensors for CvDs. A vast variety of biosensing methods and devices have been developed for this problem. Most of commercially available platforms for CvD detection rely on optical (fluorometric and colorimetric analysis) techniques using serum biomarkers since optical testing is the gold standard in medical diagnosis. Field effect transistors-based biosensors, termed as Bio-FETs, are the upcoming devices for blood or serum analyte detection due to excellent sensitivity, low operational voltage, handheld device structure and simple chip-based operation. Further, the discovery of two dimensional (2D) materials and their integration with conventional FETs has improved the overvoltage problem, sensitivity and strict operating conditions as compared to conventional FETs. Graphene-FETs based biosensing devices have been proven as promising candidates due to their attractive properties. Despite the severe threat of CvDs which has further increased in post-covid era, the Bio-FET sensor studies in literature are still rare. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive view of all the multidisciplinary concepts related to 2D-BioFETs for CvDs. A critical review of the different platforms has been covered with detailed discussions of related studies to provide a clear concept and present status of 2D-BioFETs based CvD biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Choudhary
- Advanced Material and Device (AMAD) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Advanced Material and Device (AMAD) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Ambesh Dixit
- Advanced Material and Device (AMAD) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
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4
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Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. The Future of Nanotechnology-Driven Electrochemical and Electrical Point-of-Care Devices and Diagnostic Tests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:173-195. [PMID: 39018353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) devices have become rising stars in the biosensing field, aiming at prognosis and diagnosis of diseases with a positive impact on the patient but also on healthcare and social care systems. Putting the patient at the center of interest requires the implementation of noninvasive technologies for collecting biofluids and the development of wearable platforms with integrated artificial intelligence-based tools for improved analytical accuracy and wireless readout technologies. Many electrical and electrochemical transducer technologies have been proposed for POC-based sensing, but several necessitate further development before being widely deployable. This review focuses on recent innovations in electrochemical and electrical biosensors and their growth opportunities for nanotechnology-driven multidisciplinary approaches. With a focus on analytical aspects to pave the way for future electrical/electrochemical diagnostics tests, current limitations and drawbacks as well as directions for future developments are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Boukherroub
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, France;
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, France;
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Zhao W, Zhang W, Chen J, Li H, Han L, Li X, Wang J, Song W, Xu C, Cai X, Wang L. Sensitivity-Enhancing Strategies of Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Biomarker Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2705-2727. [PMID: 38843307 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The ultrasensitive recognition of biomarkers plays a crucial role in the precise diagnosis of diseases. Graphene-based field-effect transistors (GFET) are considered the most promising devices among the next generation of biosensors. GFET biosensors possess distinct advantages, including label-free, ease of integration and operation, and the ability to directly detect biomarkers in liquid environments. This review summarized recent advances in GFET biosensors for biomarker detection, with a focus on interface functionalization. Various sensitivity-enhancing strategies have been overviewed for GFET biosensors, from the perspective of optimizing graphene synthesis and transfer methods, refinement of surface functionalization strategies for the channel layer and gate electrode, design of biorecognition elements and reduction of nonspecific adsorption. Further, this review extensively explores GFET biosensors functionalized with antibodies, aptamers, and enzymes. It delves into sensitivity-enhancing strategies employed in the detection of biomarkers for various diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious viruses, etc.) along with their application in integrated microfluidic systems. Finally, the issues and challenges in strategies for the modulation of biosensing interfaces are faced by GFET biosensors in detecting biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lin Han
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
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6
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Kudriavtseva A, Jarić S, Nekrasov N, Orlov AV, Gadjanski I, Bobrinetskiy I, Nikitin PI, Knežević N. Comparative Study of Field-Effect Transistors Based on Graphene Oxide and CVD Graphene in Highly Sensitive NT-proBNP Aptasensors. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:215. [PMID: 38785689 PMCID: PMC11117807 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials are actively being investigated as sensing elements for the detection of different analytes. Both graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and graphene oxide (GO) produced by the modified Hummers' method are actively used in the development of biosensors. The production costs of CVD graphene- and GO-based sensors are similar; however, the question remains regarding the most efficient graphene-based material for the construction of point-of-care diagnostic devices. To this end, in this work, we compare CVD graphene aptasensors with the aptasensors based on reduced GO (rGO) for their capabilities in the detection of NT-proBNP, which serves as the gold standard biomarker for heart failure. Both types of aptasensors were developed using commercial gold interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with either CVD graphene or GO formed on top as a channel of liquid-gated field-effect transistor (FET), yielding GFET and rGO-FET sensors, respectively. The functional properties of the two types of aptasensors were compared. Both demonstrate good dynamic range from 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL. The limit of detection for NT-proBNP in artificial saliva was 100 fg/mL and 1 pg/mL for rGO-FET- and GFET-based aptasensors, respectively. While CVD GFET demonstrates less variations in parameters, higher sensitivity was demonstrated by the rGO-FET due to its higher roughness and larger bandgap. The demonstrated low cost and scalability of technology for both types of graphene-based aptasensors may be applicable for the development of different graphene-based biosensors for rapid, stable, on-site, and highly sensitive detection of diverse biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kudriavtseva
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Zelenograd, Moscow 124498, Russia
| | - Stefan Jarić
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.J.); (I.G.)
| | - Nikita Nekrasov
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Zelenograd, Moscow 124498, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ivana Gadjanski
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.J.); (I.G.)
| | - Ivan Bobrinetskiy
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.J.); (I.G.)
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikola Knežević
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.J.); (I.G.)
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7
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Amjad Z, Terzyk AP, Boncel S. Covalent functionalization of 1D and 2D sp 2-carbon nanoallotropes - twelve years of progress (2011-2023). NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38651798 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanoallotropes have attracted significant attention in the field of materials science due to their unique combination of physicochemical and biological properties, with numerous applications. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) sp2-carbon nanoallotropes, such as carbon nanohorns (CNHs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene, have emerged as prominent candidates for a variety of technological advancements. To fully exploit their exceptional characteristics, the covalent functionalization of these nanostructures may alleviate the problems with the processing and final performance. This route of the carbon nanoallotrope functionalization is based on a covalent attachment of functional groups or molecules (via linkers of various strengths) to their surfaces, enabling precise control over physical, chemical, biological, and electronic properties. Such an approach opens up new avenues for tailoring the nanoallotrope characteristics, such as solubility/dispersibility, reactivity, and interactions with other materials. Over more than the last decade, significant progress has been made in the covalent functionalization of both 1D and 2D sp2-carbon nanoallotropes, paving the way for diverse applications in the nanoelectronics, energy storage, sensing, and biomedical fields. In this comprehensive review, we provide state-of-the-art advancements and achievements in the covalent functionalization of 1D and 2D sp2-carbon nanoallotropes during the past dozen years. We aim to highlight the key strategies, methodologies, and breakthroughs that have significantly contributed to this field. Eventually, we discuss the implications of those advancements and explore the opportunities for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Amjad
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, NanoCarbon Group, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Artur P Terzyk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Chemistry, Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Gagarin Street 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sławomir Boncel
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, NanoCarbon Group, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Silesian University of Technology, Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics (CONE), Stanisława Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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8
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Szunerits S, Rodrigues T, Bagale R, Happy H, Boukherroub R, Knoll W. Graphene-based field-effect transistors for biosensing: where is the field heading to? Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2137-2150. [PMID: 37269306 PMCID: PMC10239049 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials hold great promise for future applications, notably their use as biosensing channels in the field-effect transistor (FET) configuration. On the road to implementing one of the most widely used 2D materials, graphene, in FETs for biosensing, key issues such as operation conditions, sensitivity, selectivity, reportability, and economic viability have to be considered and addressed correctly. As the detection of bioreceptor-analyte binding events using a graphene-based FET (gFET) biosensor transducer is due to either graphene doping and/or electrostatic gating effects with resulting modulation of the electrical transistor characteristics, the gFET configuration as well as the surface ligands to be used have an important influence on the sensor performance. While the use of back-gating still grabs attention among the sensor community, top-gated and liquid-gated versions have started to dominate this area. The latest efforts on gFET designs for the sensing of nucleic acids, proteins and virus particles in different biofluids are presented herewith, highlighting the strategies presently engaged around gFET design and choosing the right bioreceptor for relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, 59000, Lille, France.
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500, Krems, Austria.
| | - Teresa Rodrigues
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, 59000, Lille, France
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Rupali Bagale
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Henri Happy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500, Krems, Austria
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Hasler R, Fenoy GE, Götz A, Montes-García V, Valentini C, Qiu Z, Kleber C, Samorì P, Müllen K, Knoll W. "Clickable" graphene nanoribbons for biosensor interfaces. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:598-608. [PMID: 38385442 PMCID: PMC10962640 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of "clickable" graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and their application as a versatile interface for electrochemical biosensors. GNRs are successfully deposited on gold-coated working electrodes and serve as a platform for the covalent anchoring of a bioreceptor (i.e., a DNA aptamer), enabling selective and sensitive detection of Interleukin 6 (IL6). Moreover, when applied as the intermediate linker on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based field-effect transistors (FETs), the GNRs provide improved robustness compared to conventional aromatic bi-functional linker molecules. GNRs enable an orthogonal and covalent attachment of a recognition unit with a considerably higher probe density than previously established methods. Interestingly, we demonstrate that GNRs introduce photoluminescence (PL) when applied to rGO-based FETs, paving the way toward the simultaneous optical and electronic probing of the attached biointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hasler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Gonzalo E Fenoy
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Alicia Götz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Verónica Montes-García
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cataldo Valentini
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
| | - Christoph Kleber
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria.
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10
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Recum P, Hirsch T. Graphene-based chemiresistive gas sensors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 6:11-31. [PMID: 38125587 PMCID: PMC10729924 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00423f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors allow the monitoring of the chemical environment of humans, which is often crucial for their wellbeing or even survival. Miniaturization, reversibility, and selectivity are some of the key challenges for serial use of chemical sensors. This tutorial review describes critical aspects when using nanomaterials as sensing substrates for the application in chemiresistive gas sensors. Graphene has been shown to be a promising candidate, as it allows gas sensors to be operated at room temperature, possibly saving large amounts of energy. In this review, an overview is given on the general mechanisms for gas-sensitive semiconducting materials and the implications of doping and functionalization on the sensing parameters of chemiresistive devices. It shows in detail how different challenges, like sensitivity, response time, reversibility and selectivity have been approached by material development and operation modes. In addition, perspectives from the area of data analysis and intelligent algorithms are presented, which can further enhance these sensors' usability in the field.
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11
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Wetzl C, Brosel-Oliu S, Carini M, Di Silvio D, Illa X, Villa R, Guimera A, Prats-Alfonso E, Prato M, Criado A. Covalent functionalisation controlled by molecular design for the aptameric recognition of serotonin in graphene-based field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16650-16657. [PMID: 37789811 PMCID: PMC10600654 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, solution-gated graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) showed their versatility in the development of a miniaturized multiplexed platform for electrophysiological recordings and sensing. Due to their working mechanism, the surface functionalisation and immobilisation of receptors are pivotal to ensure the proper functioning of devices. Herein, we present a controlled covalent functionalisation strategy based on molecular design and electrochemical triggering, which provide a monolayer-like functionalisation of micro-GFET arrays retaining the electronic properties of graphenes. The functionalisation layer as a receptor was then employed as the linker for serotonin aptamer conjugation. The micro-GFET arrays display sensitivity toward the target analyte in the micromolar range in a physiological buffer (PBS 10 mM). The sensor allows the in-flow real-time monitoring of serotonin transient concentrations with fast and reversible responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergi Brosel-Oliu
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marco Carini
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Desiré Di Silvio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Xavi Illa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anton Guimera
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Universidade da Coruña, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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12
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Martinez B, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Henry CS. Surface Modification of Thermoplastic Electrodes for Biosensing Applications via Copper-Catalyzed Click Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37874977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC), also known as click chemistry, has been demonstrated to be highly robust while providing versatile surface chemistry. One specific application is biosensor fabrication. Recently, we developed thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs) as an alternative to traditional carbon composite electrodes in terms of cost, performance, and robustness. However, their applications in biosensing are currently limited due to a lack of facile methods for electrode modification. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using CuAAC following the diazonium grafting of TPEs to take advantage of two powerful technologies for developing a customizable and versatile biosensing platform. After a stepwise characterization of the electrode modification procedures was performed, electrodes were modified with model affinity reagents. Streptavidin and streptavidin-conjugated IgG antibodies were successfully immobilized on the TPE surface, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandaise Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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13
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Chen S, Sun Y, Fan X, Xu Y, Chen S, Zhang X, Man B, Yang C, Du J. Review on two-dimensional material-based field-effect transistor biosensors: accomplishments, mechanisms, and perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:144. [PMID: 37122015 PMCID: PMC10148958 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) is regarded as the most promising candidate for the next-generation biosensor, benefiting from the advantages of label-free, easy operation, low cost, easy integration, and direct detection of biomarkers in liquid environments. With the burgeoning advances in nanotechnology and biotechnology, researchers are trying to improve the sensitivity of FET biosensors and broaden their application scenarios from multiple strategies. In order to enable researchers to understand and apply FET biosensors deeply, focusing on the multidisciplinary technical details, the iteration and evolution of FET biosensors are reviewed from exploring the sensing mechanism in detecting biomolecules (research direction 1), the response signal type (research direction 2), the sensing performance optimization (research direction 3), and the integration strategy (research direction 4). Aiming at each research direction, forward perspectives and dialectical evaluations are summarized to enlighten rewarding investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Fan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhe Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyuan Man
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Du
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Fenoy GE, Hasler R, Lorenz C, Movilli J, Marmisollé WA, Azzaroni O, Huskens J, Bäuerle P, Knoll W. Interface Engineering of "Clickable" Organic Electrochemical Transistors toward Biosensing Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10885-10896. [PMID: 36791086 PMCID: PMC9982818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
"Clickable" organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) allow the reliable and straightforward functionalization of electronic devices through the well-known click chemistry toolbox. In this work, we study various aspects of the click chemistry-based interface engineering of "clickable" OECTs. First, different channel architectures are investigated, showing that PEDOT-N3 films can properly work as a channel of the transistors. Furthermore, the Cu(I)-catalyzed click reaction of ethynyl-ferrocene is studied under different reaction conditions, endowing the spatial control of the functionalization. The strain-promoted and catalyst-free cycloaddition of a dibenzocyclooctyne-derivatized poly-l-lysine (PLL-DBCO) is also performed on the OECTs and validated by a fiber optic (FO)-SPR setup. The further immobilization of an azido-modified HD22 aptamer yields OECT-based biosensors that are employed for the recognition of thrombin. Finally, their performance is evaluated against previously reported architectures, showing higher density of the immobilized HD22 aptamer, and originating similar KD values and higher maximum signal change upon analyte recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo E. Fenoy
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)—CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Roger Hasler
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Lorenz
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jacopo Movilli
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, AE 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Waldemar A. Marmisollé
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)—CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)—CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- CEST-UNLP
Partner Lab for Bioelectronics (INIFTA), Diagonal 64 y 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, AE 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Danube
Private
University, Steiner Landstrasse
124, 3500 Krems, Austria
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15
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Wetzl C, Silvestri A, Garrido M, Hou HL, Criado A, Prato M. The Covalent Functionalization of Surface-Supported Graphene: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212857. [PMID: 36279191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of graphene supported on solid surfaces has broadened its scope and applications, and graphene has acquire a promising role as a major component of high-performance electronic devices. In this context, the chemical modification of graphene has become essential. In particular, covalent modification offers key benefits, including controllability, stability, and the facility to be integrated into manufacturing operations. In this Review, we critically comment on the latest advances in the covalent modification of supported graphene on substrates. We analyze the different chemical modifications with special attention to radical reactions. In this context, we review the latest achievements in reactivity control, tailoring electronic properties, and introducing active functionalities. Finally, we extended our analysis to other emerging 2D materials supported on surfaces, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and elemental analogs of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hui-Lei Hou
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Fenoy GE, Hasler R, Quartinello F, Marmisollé WA, Lorenz C, Azzaroni O, Bäuerle P, Knoll W. "Clickable" Organic Electrochemical Transistors. JACS AU 2022; 2:2778-2790. [PMID: 36590273 PMCID: PMC9795466 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interfacing the surface of an organic semiconductor with biological elements is a central quest when it comes to the development of efficient organic bioelectronic devices. Here, we present the first example of "clickable" organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The synthesis and characterization of an azide-derivatized EDOT monomer (azidomethyl-EDOT, EDOT-N3) are reported, as well as its deposition on Au-interdigitated electrodes through electropolymerization to yield PEDOT-N3-OECTs. The electropolymerization protocol allows for a straightforward and reliable tuning of the characteristics of the OECTs, yielding transistors with lower threshold voltages than PEDOT-based state-of-the-art devices and maximum transconductance voltage values close to 0 V, a key feature for the development of efficient organic bioelectronic devices. Subsequently, the azide moieties are employed to click alkyne-bearing molecules such as redox probes and biorecognition elements. The clicking of an alkyne-modified PEG4-biotin allows for the use of the avidin-biotin interactions to efficiently generate bioconstructs with proteins and enzymes. In addition, a dibenzocyclooctyne-modified thrombin-specific HD22 aptamer is clicked on the PEDOT-N3-OECTs, showing the application of the devices toward the development of organic transistors-based biosensors. Finally, the clicked OECTs preserve their electronic features after the different clicking procedures, demonstrating the stability and robustness of the fabricated transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo E. Fenoy
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas,
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata − CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Roger Hasler
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Felice Quartinello
- Department
of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute
of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Waldemar A. Marmisollé
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas,
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata − CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christoph Lorenz
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas,
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata − CONICET, 64 and 113, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Department
of Scientific Coordination and Management, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
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17
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Nekrasov N, Kudriavtseva A, Orlov AV, Gadjanski I, Nikitin PI, Bobrinetskiy I, Knežević NŽ. One-Step Photochemical Immobilization of Aptamer on Graphene for Label-Free Detection of NT-proBNP. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121071. [PMID: 36551038 PMCID: PMC9775241 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel photochemical technological route for one-step functionalization of a graphene surface with an azide-modified DNA aptamer for biomarkers is developed. The methodology is demonstrated for the functionalization of a DNA aptamer for an N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) heart failure biomarker on the surface of a graphene channel within a system based on a liquid-gated graphene field effect transistor (GFET). The limit of detection (LOD) of the aptamer-functionalized sensor is 0.01 pg/mL with short response time (75 s) for clinically relevant concentrations of the cardiac biomarker, which could be of relevance for point-of-care (POC) applications. The novel methodology could be applicable for the development of different graphene-based biosensors for fast, stable, real-time, and highly sensitive detection of disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Nekrasov
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow, 124498 Zelenograd, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Kudriavtseva
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow, 124498 Zelenograd, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivana Gadjanski
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Bobrinetskiy
- Center for Probe Microscopy and Nanotechnology, National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow, 124498 Zelenograd, Russia
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Ž. Knežević
- BioSense Institute—Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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18
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Bazán CM, Béraud A, Nguyen M, Bencherif A, Martel R, Bouilly D. Dynamic Gate Control of Aryldiazonium Chemistry on Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2635-2642. [PMID: 35352961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) are becoming increasingly valued for sensor applications, efficiency and control of their surface functionalization become critical. Here, we introduce an innovative method using a gate electrode to precisely modulate aryldiazonium functionalization directly on graphene devices. Although this covalent chemistry is well-known, we show that its spontaneous reaction on GFETs is highly heterogeneous with a low overall yield. By dynamically tuning the gate voltage in the presence of the reactant, we can quickly enable or suppress the reaction, resulting in a high degree of homogeneity between devices. We are also able to monitor and control functionalization kinetics in real time. The mechanism for our approach is based on electron transfer availability, analogous to chemical, substrate-based, or electrochemical doping, but has the practical advantage of being fully implementable on devices or chips. This work illustrates how powerful the FET platforms are to study surface reactions on nanomaterials in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Bazán
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anouk Béraud
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Amira Bencherif
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Richard Martel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Delphine Bouilly
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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19
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Walters F, Burwell G, Mitchell JJ, Ali MM, Daghigh Ahmadi E, Mostert AB, Jenkins CA, Rozhko S, Kazakova O, Guy OJ. A Rapid Graphene Sensor Platform for the Detection of Viral Proteins in Low Volume Samples. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Walters
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Gregory Burwell
- Department of Physics, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Jacob John Mitchell
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- SPTS Technologies Ltd, R&D and Product department Ringland Way Newport NP18 2TA UK
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Ehsaneh Daghigh Ahmadi
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - A. Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | | | - Sergiy Rozhko
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Owen J. Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
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