Exploring copper (II) porphyrin complexes and their derivatives for electrochemical analysis and biological assessment in the study of breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines

In this study, several derivatives of tetraphenylporphyrin were synthesized, each with unique meso-substituent groups including phenyl, methoxyphenyl, butyloxyphenyl, octyloxyphenyl, and dectyloxyphenyl. Additionally, their corresponding copper complexes were prepared and thoroughly characterized. The structural confirmation of all compounds was established through CHN elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and FT-IR spectroscopy. As the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl long-chain increased, a slight red shift in the electronic absorption band was observed, which was attributed to the electronic influence of the alkyl group. DFT analysis indicated that electron density predominantly localized on the porphyrin ring of both the metal free porphyrins and copper (II) porphyrin complexes, with relatively low electron density in the p orbital of the meso-aryl long-chain substituent group. EPR spectroscopy of the Copper (II) ion complexes revealed signals, indicating their paramagnetic properties. Additionally, the Copper (II) tetraphenylporphyrin (CuTPP) complexes displayed two reversible oxidation peaks at +0.97 V and +1.35 V, whereas other derivatives exhibited lower oxidation potentials. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against MCF-7 cell lines was assessed using MTT assay, revealing cytotoxic effects in all cases. Among them, Copper (II) tetrakis (4-methyloxyphenyl)porphyrin (CuTOMPP) demonstrated the highest potential, with an IC50 value of 32.07 μg/mL.

Synthesis, DNA-binding abilities, and in vitro antitumor activity of water-soluble copper porphyrin and its Schiff-base complexes

Three new water-soluble porphyrin Cu(ii)-complexes (CuP-1, CuP-2, and CuP-3) were prepared and characterized, which had the ability to bind ct-DNA and good cytotoxicity. CuP-1 showed the best antiproliferative activity towards TCA8113 cells.

Argentivorous Molecules with Oxyethylene Chains in Side-Arms: Silver Ion-Induced Selectivity Changes toward Alkali Metal Ions

Argentivorous molecules with mono, di, tri, tetra, and penta-oxyethylene chains in aromatic side-arms were prepared (L1-L5). Titration experiments using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and cold electrospray ionization (cold-spray ionization, CSI) mass spectrometry showed that silver ions were trapped in the cyclen moiety and the arranged oxyethylene chains of the side-arms when two equivalents of silver ions were added. The silver complexes formed by adding one equivalent of silver ion to L2-L5 bind alkali metal ions using the oxyethylene chains; alkali metal ion-induced CSI mass spectral changes of L2-L5 were measured in the absence and presence of silver ions to compare the binding properties of the ligand for Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ ions. As a result, the intensity ratios of [L + H + M]²⁺/[L + H]⁺ in L1-L3 were almost zero or very low. L4 and L5, which have tetra(oxyethylene) and penta(oxyethylene) chains, respectively, bind a larger size of alkali metal ions. On the other hand, in the presence of silver ions, the ratio for [L + Ag + M]²⁺/[L + H]⁺ (M = Li, Na, K) in L2-L5 was increased. The highest [L + Ag + M]²⁺/[L + H]⁺ ratios for K⁺ were observed in L4 and L5, while selectivity for Na⁺ was observed in the case of L2 and L3. These results indicate that the increased binding ability and selectivity by L2-L5 are due to the arrangement of oxyethylene chains by the conformational change of the aromatic side-arms. The Ag⁺-induced carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral changes suggested that the second and third oxyethylene units, close to the benzene, are involved in the coordination of the second metal ion.