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Hossain MS, Tuntun SM, Bahadur NM, Ahmed S. Enhancement of photocatalytic efficacy by exploiting copper doping in nano-hydroxyapatite for degradation of Congo red dye. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34080-34094. [PMID: 36505682 PMCID: PMC9704492 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This research deals with the photocatalytic activity of hydroxyapatite and the improvement of efficiency by doping various percentages of copper; the catalysts were synthesized by the wet-chemical method. Pure and copper-doped photocatalysts were characterized by several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The competency of pure and copper-doped hydroxyapatite as photocatalysts was assessed by their interaction with Congo red dye. The crystallographic parameters of the catalysts were also estimated by employing the XRD technique, and a relationship was established between the calculated parameters and photocatalytic performance. Crystallite size was calculated from various model equations, which revealed an acceptable crystallite size of 42-68 nm. Copper doping in hydroxyapatite impressively augmented the photocatalytic efficacy, for example 99% dye was degraded upon 0.63% Cu-doping compared to 75% for the pure HAp, which was exemplified not only by the reaction rate but also by the quantum yield. The degradation percentages changed with time but became fixed at 200 min. The molar extinction coefficient was estimated by employing the Beer-Lambert law and further utilized to compute the photonic efficiency of the catalysts. In the study of the photochemical reaction, a simplified reaction process was proposed, and the potentials of the conduction band and valence band were assessed, which influenced the activity. The doping of Cu in crystalline hydroxyapatite will enhance the photocatalytic activity towards Congo red dye under all experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahadat Hossain
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR)Dhaka 1205Bangladesh
| | - Supanna Malek Tuntun
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR)Dhaka 1205Bangladesh,Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology UniversityNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Newaz Mohammed Bahadur
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology UniversityNoakhaliBangladesh
| | - Samina Ahmed
- Glass Research Division, Institute of Glass & Ceramic Research and Testing, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR)Dhaka 1205Bangladesh,BCSIR Laboratories Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR)Dhaka 1205Bangladesh
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Zang C, Chen H, Han X, Zhang W, Wu J, Liang F, Dai J, Liu H, Zhang G, Zhang KQ, Ge M. Rational construction of ZnO/CuS heterostructures-modified PVDF nanofiber photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34107-34116. [PMID: 36544997 PMCID: PMC9706242 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PVDF/ZnO/CuS photocatalysts with ZnO/CuS heterojunctions were synthesized via electrospinning, hydrothermal, and ion-exchange techniques. As matrix materials, electrospun PVDF nanofibers are easy to be recycled and reused. ZnO nanorods anchored on PVDF nanofiber with high specific surface area provide abundant active reaction sites for photocatalysis. While the loaded CuS nanoparticles as a photosensitizer compensate the low quantum efficiency of ZnO and improve the visible-light photocatalytic efficiency. As a result, the PVDF/ZnO/CuS composited photocatalyst exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance in exposure to UV and visible light owing to the suppressed recombination of electron-hole pairs and widened visible light absorption range. The kinetic constants of PVDF/ZnO/CuS nanocomposites under UV irradiation (9.01 × 10-3 min-1) and visible light (6.53 × 10-3 min-1) irradiation were 3.66 and 2.53 times higher than that of PVDF/ZnO (2.46 × 10-3 min-1 & 2.58 × 10-3 min-1), respectively. Furthermore, PVDF/ZnO/CuS nanocomposites demonstrate excellent robustness in terms of recycling and reuse, which is advantageous in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Zang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Xiangye Han
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Junfang Wu
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Fanghua Liang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Jiamu Dai
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Hongchao Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of MacauMacau 999078P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Textile Dyeing and Printing for Energy Conservation, Discharge Reduction and Cleaner Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123P. R. China
| | - Mingzheng Ge
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019P. R. China,Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of MacauMacau 999078P. R. China,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Textile Dyeing and Printing for Energy Conservation, Discharge Reduction and Cleaner Production, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123P. R. China
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Improvement of medical applicability of hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide nanocomposites via additional yttrium oxide nanoparticles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yu Y, Zhou Z, Huang G, Cheng H, Han L, Zhao S, Chen Y, Meng F. Purifying water with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-incorporated membranes: Recent advancements and critical challenges. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118901. [PMID: 35933814 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the face of the growing global water crisis, membrane technology is a promising means of purifying water and wastewater. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used to improve membrane performance, for antibiofouling, and to aid in photocatalytic degradation, thermal response, and electro-conductivity. However, several critical issues such as short antimicrobial periods, trade-off effects and silver inactivation seriously restrict the engineering application of AgNPs-incorporated membranes. In addition, there is controversy around the use of AgNPs given the toxic preparation process and environmental/biological risks. Hence, it is of great significance to summarize and analyze the recent developments and critical challenges in the use of AgNPs-incorporated membranes in water and wastewater treatment, and to propose potential solutions. We reviewed the different properties and functions of AgNPs and their corresponding applications in AgNPs-incorporated membranes. Recently, multifunctional, novel AgNP-incorporated membranes combined with other functional materials have been developed with high-performance. We further clarified the synergistic mechanisms between AgNPs and these novel nanomaterials and/or polymers, and elucidated their functions and roles in membrane separation. Finally, the critical challenges of AgNPs-incorporated membranes and the proposed solutions were outlined: i) Prolonging the antimicrobial cycle through long-term and controlled AgNPs release; ii) Overcoming the trade-off effect and organic fouling of the AgNPs-incorporated membranes; iii) Preparation of sustainable AgNPs-incorporated membranes; iv) Addressing biotoxicity induced by AgNPs; and v) Deactivation of AgNPs-incorporated membrane. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive discussion of the advancements and challenges of AgNPs-incorporated membranes and guides the development of more robust, multi-functional and sustainable AgNPs-incorporated membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Rural Cleaner Production, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhongbo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Rural Cleaner Production, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Guocheng Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Minhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Le Han
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yucheng Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Rural Cleaner Production, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Ge F, Li X, Wu M, Ding H, Li X. A type II heterojunction α-Fe 2O 3/g-C 3N 4 for the heterogeneous photo-Fenton degradation of phenol. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8300-8309. [PMID: 35424783 PMCID: PMC8984958 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction is an effective method of chemical oxidation to remove phenol in wastewater with environmental friendliness and sustainability. Herein, the composite α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4, as a catalyst of the heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction, has been synthesized by hydrothermal-calcination method using the abundant and low-cost FeCl3·6H2O and g-C3N4 as raw materials. The influence of the annealing temperature during calcination was also investigated. The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra of samples show that the composite α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 possesses the widest light response range. Furthermore, the transient photocurrent response curves demonstrated the strongest intensity of α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4. The annealed α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 is indicative of the highest degradation efficiency in all samples due to the improvement of the charge transfer ability caused by the tight heterojunction structure. The results of the scavenger trapping experiments show that the hydroxyl radical was the main active species in degradation. Based on experimental results, a type II heterojunction should be built in the composite α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4, driving the photoelectrons transfer and migration by internal electronic field. This work provides a facile and new method to synthesize α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 as an effective heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221000 Jiangsu China
- Kaifeng Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Henan Province China
| | - Xuehua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221000 Jiangsu China
| | - Mian Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering &Technology, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Hui Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering &Technology, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221000 Jiangsu China
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Compositional Adjusting and Antibacterial Improvement of Hydroxyapatite/Nb2O5/Graphene Oxide for Medical Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Mousa SA, Shalan AE, Hassan H, Ebnawaled A, Khairy S. Enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized by different plant extracts for wastewater treatment. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Sustainable Treatment of Food Industry Wastewater Using Membrane Technology: A Short Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Water is needed for food processing facilities to carry out a number of tasks, including moving goods, washing, processing, and cleaning operations. This causes them to produce wastewater effluent, and they are typically undesirable since it contains a high volume of suspended solids, bacteria, dyestuffs, salts, oils, fats, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand. Therefore, treatment of food industry wastewater effluent is critical in improving process conditions, socio-economic benefits and our environmental. This short review summarizes the role of available membrane technologies that have been employed for food wastewater treatment and analyse their performance. Particularly, electrospun nanofiber membrane technology is revealed as an emerging membrane science and technology area producing materials of increasing performance and effectiveness in treating wastewater. This review reveals the challenges and perspectives that will assist in treating the food industry wastewater by developing novel membrane technologies.
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Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers: Incorporating Hydroxyapatite (HA), HA/Berberine or HA/Moghat Composites, as Scaffolds to Enhance In Vitro Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234140. [PMID: 34883645 PMCID: PMC8659966 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific objective of this study was to stabilize a simple valid method to prepare pure nanorod hydroxyapatite (HA) mixed with berberine chloride (BER) and Moghat water extract (ME) as composites for incorporation into cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers to be used as novel bone scaffolds and to determine their efficacy in bone regeneration process In Vitro. Preparation of HA/BER and HA/ME composites were performed by mixing powders using the ball-milling machine. The HA, HA/BER, and HA/ME composites at a concentration of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg were mixed with CA solution (13%), then the fiber was formed using electrospinning technique. The properties of the obtained CA fibers were investigated (SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA, water uptake, porosity, and mechanical tests). The efficacy of HA and HA composites loaded into CA nanofiber on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation were measured by tacking ALP, osteocalcin, TRAcP, calcium, and total protein concentration. Moreover, their effects on cell differentiation (CD90 and PARP- ɣ) and death markers (GSK3b, MAPK, Wnt-5 and β-catenin) were evaluated by using ELISA and qPCR. The obtained TEM results indicated that the continuous CA and CA/HA composites electrospun fibers have ultrafine fiber diameters of about 200 nm and uniform distribution of discrete n-HA clusters throughout. In addition, hydrocortisone (HCT) was found to increase the formation of adipocytes and osteoclastic markers CD90 and p38-MAPK which indicated the bone lose process take placed. Treatment with CA loaded with HA, HA/BER or HA/ME decreased CD90, Wnt-5, PARP- ɣ, GSK3b and p38-MAPK associated elevation of osteogenic markers: ALP and osteocalcin. Moreover, HCT overexpressed RANKL and down expressed Osterix gene. Treatment with CA/HA/BER or CA/HA/ME downregulated RANKL and upregulated Osterix associated with a reduction in RANKL/OPG ratio, at p < 0.05. In conclusion, novel CA composite nanofibers (CA/HA/BER and CA/HA/ME) reversed the HCT adverse effect on osteoblast cell death through canonical and non-canonical pathways regulated by Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways. Furthermore, our data confirmed that the novel scaffolds create a crosstalk between RUNX-2, RANKL, p38-MAPK, and Wnt signals which positively impact bone regeneration process. Treatment with CA/HA/BER is better compared to the treatment with CA/HA/ME. Nevertheless, both are considered as alternative biomaterial scaffolds with a potential for biomedical applications in the field of bone tissue engineering.
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Electrospun membranes of cellulose acetate/polyvinylidene difluoride containing Au/Se nanoparticles via laser ablation technique for methylene blue degradation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Taheri-Ledari R, Saeidirad M, Qazi FS, Fazeli A, Maleki A, Shalan AE. Highly porous copper-supported magnetic nanocatalysts: made of volcanic pumice textured by cellulose and applied for the reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25284-25295. [PMID: 35478908 PMCID: PMC9036973 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel designed heterogeneous catalytic system constructed of volcanic pumice magnetic particles (VPMPs), cellulose (CLS) as a natural polymeric matrix, and copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) is presented. Also, to enhance the inherent magnetic property of VPMP, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles have been prepared and incorporated in the structure via an in situ process. As its first and foremost excellent property, the designed composite is in great accordance with green chemistry principles because it contains natural ingredients. Another brilliant point in the architecture of the designed composite is the noticeable porosity of VPMP as the core of the composite structure (surface area: 84.473 m2 g-1). This great porosity leads to the use of a small amount (0.05 g) of the particles for catalytic purposes. However, the main characterization methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and electron microscopy, revealed that the spherical metallic particles (Fe and Cu oxides) were successfully distributed onto the surface of the VPMP and CLS matrices. Further, vibrating-sample magnetometer analysis confirmed the enhancement of the magnetic property (1.5 emu g-1) of the composite through the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Further, the prepared (Fe3O4@VPMP/CLS-Cu) nanocomposite has been applied to facilitate the reduction reaction of hazardous nitrobenzene derivatives (NBDs) to their aniline analogs, with 98% conversion efficiency in eight minutes under mild conditions. Moreover, the good reusability of the catalytic system has been verified after recycling it ten times without any significant decrease in the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Mahdi Saeidirad
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Fateme Sadat Qazi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Atefeh Fazeli
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Ahmed Esmail Shalan
- BC Materials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park Barrio Sarriena s/n Leioa 48940 Spain
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) P. O. Box 87, Helwan Cairo 11421 Egypt
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Sanad MF, Shalan AE, Ahmed MA, Messih MFA. The controlled synthesis and DFT investigation of novel (0D)-(3D) ZnS/SiO 2 heterostructures for photocatalytic applications. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22352-22364. [PMID: 35480787 PMCID: PMC9034197 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A ZnS/SiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized using a low-cost sol-gel wet chemical procedure. The as-synthesized ZnS/SiO2 nanocomposites with different molar ratios exhibited superior performance in the photodegradation of two organic dyes under UV irradiation, with complete degradation of both dyes after 2 hours of exposure to UV irradiation. The photocatalyst structure, microstructure, and surface area were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and nitrogen adsorption (S BET) studies. The results demonstrate that the ZnS/SiO2 photocatalyst with 15% ZnS content has a bandgap energy similar to that of ZnS alone with a higher surface area of approximately 150 m2 g-1, which effectively increases the number of active sites and improves the photocatalytic activity of the prepared material. The measured bandgap energies were compared with the theoretical values obtained using the density functional theory (DFT) method, and the values were found to be very similar, with a low error percentage. In the case of a high ZnS content (greater than 15%), active site blocking occurred, and the removal rate dropped below 50%. The obtained results indicate that the photocatalytic data are in good agreement with the experimental characterization results for the prepared materials, including the BET and XRD results, confirming a close association between the photocatalytic activity and the surface area of the fabricated photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Sanad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Ahmed Esmail Shalan
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) P.O. Box 87, Helwan Cairo 11422 Egypt
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park Barrio Sarriena s/n Leioa 48940 Spain
| | - M A Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Egypt
| | - M F Abdel Messih
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Egypt
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