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Tian Z, Yan H, Zeng Y. Solid-Phase Extraction and Enhanced Amplification-Free Detection of Pathogens Integrated by Multifunctional CRISPR-Cas12a. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14445-14456. [PMID: 38472096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Public healthcare demands effective and pragmatic diagnostic tools to address the escalating challenges in infection management in resource-limited areas. Recent advances in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based biosensing promise the development of next-generation tools for disease diagnostics, including point-of-care (POC) testing for infectious diseases. The currently prevailing strategy of developing CRISPR/Cas-based diagnostics exploits only the target identification and trans-cleavage activity of a CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a system to provide diagnostic results, and they need to be combined with an additional preamplification reaction to enhance sensitivity. In contrast to this dual-function strategy, here, we present a new approach that collaboratively integrates the triple functions of CRISPR-Cas12a: target identification, sequence-specific enrichment, and signal generation. With this approach, we develop a nucleic acid assay termed Solid-Phase Extraction and Enhanced Detection Assay integrated by CRISPR-Cas12a (SPEEDi-CRISPR) that negates the need for preamplification but significantly improves the detection of limit (LOD) from the pM to fM level. Specifically, using Cas12a-coated magnetic beads, this assay combines efficient solid-phase extraction and enrichment of DNA targets enabled by the sequence-specific affinity of CRISPR-Cas12a with fluorogenic detection by activated Cas12a on beads. SPEEDi-CRISPR, for the first time, leverages the possibility of employing CRISPR/Cas12a in nucleic acid extraction and integrates the ability of both enrichment and detection of CRISPR/Cas into a single platform. Our proof-of-concept studies revealed that the SPEEDi-CRISPR assay has great specificity to distinguish HPV-18 from HPV-16, and Parvovirus B19, in addition to being able to detect HPV-18 at a concentration as low as 2.3 fM in 100 min and 4.7 fM in 60 min. Furthermore, we proved that this assay can be coupled with two point-of-care testing strategies: the smartphone-based fluorescence detector and the lateral flow assay. Overall, these results suggested that our assay could pave a new way for developing CRISPR diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Abdi Ghavidel A, Aghamiri S, Raee P, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Noori E, Bandehpour M, Kazemi B, Jajarmi V. Recent Advances in CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Leishmania Strains. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:121-134. [PMID: 38127288 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome manipulation of Leishmania species and the creation of modified strains are widely employed strategies for various purposes, including gene function studies, the development of live attenuated vaccines, and the engineering of host cells for protein production. OBJECTIVE Despite the introduction of novel manipulation approaches like CRISPR/Cas9 technology with significant advancements in recent years, the development of a reliable protocol for efficiently and precisely altering the genes of Leishmania strains remains a challenging endeavor. Following the successful adaptation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for higher eukaryotic cells, several research groups have endeavored to apply this system to manipulate the genome of Leishmania. RESULTS Despite the substantial differences between Leishmania and higher eukaryotes, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been effectively tested and applied in Leishmania. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive review summarizes all the CRISPR/Cas9 systems that have been employed in Leishmania, providing details on their methods and the expression systems for Cas9 and gRNA. The review also explores the various applications of the CRISPR system in Leishmania, including the deletion of multicopy gene families, the development of the Leishmania vaccine, complete gene deletions, investigations into chromosomal translocations, protein tagging, gene replacement, large-scale gene knockout, genome editing through cytosine base replacement, and its innovative use in the detection of Leishmania. In addition, the review offers an up-to-date overview of all double-strand break repair mechanisms in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Abdi Ghavidel
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pourya Raee
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Effat Noori
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sandler SE, Weckman NE, Yorke S, Das A, Chen K, Gutierrez R, Keyser UF. Sensing the DNA-mismatch tolerance of catalytically inactive Cas9 via barcoded DNA nanostructures in solid-state nanopores. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:325-334. [PMID: 37550424 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule quantification of the strength and sequence specificity of interactions between proteins and nucleic acids would facilitate the probing of protein-DNA binding. Here we show that binding events between the catalytically inactive Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and any pre-defined short sequence of double-stranded DNA can be identified by sensing changes in ionic current as suitably designed barcoded linear DNA nanostructures with Cas9-binding double-stranded DNA overhangs translocate through solid-state nanopores. We designed barcoded DNA nanostructures to study the relationships between DNA sequence and the DNA-binding specificity, DNA-binding efficiency and DNA-mismatch tolerance of Cas9 at the single-nucleotide level. Nanopore-based sensing of DNA-barcoded nanostructures may help to improve the design of efficient and specific ribonucleoproteins for biomedical applications, and could be developed into sensitive protein-sensing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Sandler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole E Weckman
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Studies in Transdisciplinary Engineering Education & Practice, Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Yorke
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK
| | - Akashaditya Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kaikai Chen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ulrich F Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Im SH, Robby AI, Choi H, Chung JY, Kim YS, Park SY, Chung HJ. A Wireless, CRISPR-Polymer Dot Electrochemical Sensor for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia and Multi-Drug Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5637-5647. [PMID: 38278531 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for managing the global health threat posed by multidrug-resistant bacterial infections; however, current methods have limitations in either being time-consuming, labor-intensive, or requiring instruments with high costs. Addressing these challenges, we introduce a wireless electrochemical sensor integrating the CRISPR/Cas system with electroconductive polymer dot (PD) nanoparticles to rapidly detect bacterial pathogens from human sputum. To enhance the electroconductive properties, we synthesized copper-ion-immobilized PD (PD-Cu), followed by conjugation of the deactivated Cas9 protein (dCas9) onto PD-Cu-coated Si electrodes to generate the dCas9-PD-Cu sensor. The dCas9-PD-Cu sensor integrated with isothermal amplification can specifically detect target nucleic acids of multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as the antibiotic resistance genes kpc-2 and mecA. The dCas9-PD-Cu sensor exhibits high sensitivity, allowing for the detection of ∼54 femtograms of target nucleic acids, based on measuring the changes in resistivity of the Si electrodes through target capture by dCas9. Furthermore, a wireless sensing platform of the dCas9-PD-Cu sensor was established using a Bluetooth module and a microcontroller unit for detection using a smartphone. We demonstrate the feasibility of the platform in diagnosing multidrug-resistant bacterial pneumonia in patients' sputum samples, achieving 92% accuracy. The current study presents a versatile biosensor platform that can overcome the limitations of conventional diagnostics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Hae Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Akhmad Irhas Robby
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Bio Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT and Energy Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Feng X, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Xu N, Zhao C, Xia W. Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Based Biosensors for Rapid Zoonoses Screening. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6311-6331. [PMID: 37954459 PMCID: PMC10637217 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent, outbreaks of new emergency zoonotic diseases have prompted an urgent need to develop fast, accurate, and portable screening assays for pathogen infections. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is sensitive and specific and can be conducted at a constant low temperature with a short response time, making it especially suitable for on-site screening and making it a powerful tool for preventing or controlling the spread of zoonoses. This review summarizes the design principles of RPA-based biosensors as well as various signal output or readout technologies involved in fluorescence detection, lateral flow assays, enzymatic catalytic reactions, spectroscopic techniques, electrochemical techniques, chemiluminescence, nanopore sequencing technologies, microfluidic digital RPA, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated systems. The current status and prospects of the application of RPA-based biosensors in zoonoses screening are highlighted. RPA-based biosensors demonstrate the advantages of rapid response, easy-to-read result output, and easy implementation for on-site detection, enabling development toward greater portability, automation, and miniaturization. Although there are still problems such as high cost with unstable signal output, RPA-based biosensors are increasingly becoming one of the most important means of on-site pathogen screening in complex samples involving environmental, water, food, animal, and human samples for controlling the spread of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Feng
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 136200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Medicine, No. 965 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Medical Technology, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People’s Republic of China
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Yang H, Ledesma-Amaro R, Gao H, Ren Y, Deng R. CRISPR-based biosensors for pathogenic biosafety. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 228:115189. [PMID: 36893718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic biosafety is a worldwide concern. Tools for analyzing pathogenic biosafety, that are precise, rapid and field-deployable, are highly demanded. Recently developed biotechnological tools, especially those utilizing CRISPR/Cas systems which can couple with nanotechnologies, have enormous potential to achieve point-of-care (POC) testing for pathogen infection. In this review, we first introduce the working principle of class II CRISPR/Cas system for detecting nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid biomarkers, and highlight the molecular assays that leverage CRISPR technologies for POC detection. We summarize the application of CRISPR tools in detecting pathogens, including pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites and their variants, and highlight the profiling of pathogens' genotypes or phenotypes, such as the viability, and drug-resistance. In addition, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of CRISPR-based biosensors in pathogenic biosafety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Ren
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Ruijie Deng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Liu FX, Cui JQ, Wu Z, Yao S. Recent progress in nucleic acid detection with CRISPR. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1467-1492. [PMID: 36723235 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00928e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in CRISPR-based biotechnologies have greatly expanded our capabilities to repurpose CRISPR for the development of molecular diagnostic systems. The key attribute that allows CRISPR to be widely utilized is its programmable and highly specific nature. In this review, we first illustrate the principle of the class 2 CRISPR nucleases for molecular diagnostics which originates from their immunologic defence systems. Next, we present the CRISPR-based schemes in the application of diagnostics with amplification-assisted or amplification-free strategies. By highlighting some of the recent advances we interpret how general bioengineering methodologies can be integrated with CRISPR. Finally, we discuss the challenges and exciting prospects for future CRISPR-based biosensing development. We hope that this review will guide the reader to systematically learn the start-of-the-art development of CRISPR-mediated nucleic acid detection and understand how to apply the CRISPR nucleases with different design concepts to more general applications in diagnostics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank X Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Johnson Q Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Zhihao Wu
- IIP-Advanced Materials, Interdisciplinary Program Office (IPO), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shuhuai Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Huang T, Zhang R, Li J. CRISPR-Cas-based techniques for pathogen detection: Retrospect, recent advances, and future perspectives. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00240-5. [PMID: 36367481 PMCID: PMC10403697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of pathogen-associated diseases are critical for effective treatment. Rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic technologies continue to be challenging to develop. The current gold standard for pathogen detection, polymerase chain reaction technology, has limitations such as long operational cycles, high cost, and high technician and instrumentation requirements. AIM OF REVIEW This review examines and highlights the technical advancements of CRISPR-Cas in pathogen detection and provides an outlook for future development, multi-application scenarios, and clinical translation. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Approaches enabling clinical detection of pathogen nucleic acids that are highly sensitive, specific, cheap, and portable are necessary. CRISPR-Cas9 specificity in targeting nucleic acids and "collateral cleavage" activity of CRISPR-Cas12/Cas13/Cas14 show significant promise in nucleic acid detection technology. These methods have a high specificity, versatility, and rapid detection cycle. In this paper, CRISPR-Cas-based detection methods are discussed in depth. Although CRISPR-Cas-mediated pathogen diagnostic solutions face challenges, their powerful capabilities will pave the way for ideal diagnostic tools.
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Dueñas E, Nakamoto JA, Cabrera-Sosa L, Huaihua P, Cruz M, Arévalo J, Milón P, Adaui V. Novel CRISPR-based detection of Leishmania species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958693. [PMID: 36187950 PMCID: PMC9520526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a major public health problem in many regions of Latin America. Its diagnosis is difficult given other conditions resembling leishmaniasis lesions and co-occurring in the same endemic areas. A combination of parasitological and molecular methods leads to accurate diagnosis, with the latter being traditionally performed in centralized reference and research laboratories as they require specialized infrastructure and operators. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) systems have recently driven innovative tools for nucleic acid detection that combine high specificity, sensitivity and speed and are readily adaptable for point-of-care testing. Here, we harnessed the CRISPR-Cas12a system for molecular detection of Leishmania spp., emphasizing medically relevant parasite species circulating in Peru and other endemic areas in Latin America, with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis being the main etiologic agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. We developed two assays targeting multi-copy targets commonly used in the molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA), highly conserved across Leishmania species, and a region of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles conserved in the L. (Viannia) subgenus. Our CRISPR-based assays were capable of detecting down to 5 × 10−2 (kDNA) or 5 × 100 (18S rDNA) parasite genome equivalents/reaction with PCR preamplification. The 18S PCR/CRISPR assay achieved pan-Leishmania detection, whereas the kDNA PCR/CRISPR assay was specific for L. (Viannia) detection. No cross-reaction was observed with Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y or human DNA. We evaluated the performance of the assays using 49 clinical samples compared to a kDNA real-time PCR assay as the reference test. The kDNA PCR/CRISPR assay performed equally well as the reference test, with positive and negative percent agreement of 100%. The 18S PCR/CRISPR assay had high positive and negative percent agreement of 82.1% and 100%, respectively. The findings support the potential applicability of the newly developed CRISPR-based molecular tools for first-line diagnosis of Leishmania infections at the genus and L. (Viannia) subgenus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dueñas
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A. Nakamoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Cabrera-Sosa
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Huaihua
- Laboratorio de Patho-antígenos, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - María Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Jorge Arévalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Patho-antígenos, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Pohl Milón
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Vanessa Adaui
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Adaui,
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