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Furuta M, Arii S, Umeda H, Matsukawa R, Shizu K, Kaji H, Kawashima SA, Hori Y, Tomita T, Sohma Y, Mitsunuma H, Kanai M. Leuco Ethyl Violet as Self-Activating Prodrug Photocatalyst for In Vivo Amyloid-Selective Oxygenation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401346. [PMID: 38689504 PMCID: PMC11234409 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein (tau), called amyloid, are related to the etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). Reducing amyloid levels in AD patients is a potentially effective approach to the treatment of AD. The selective degradation of amyloids via small molecule-catalyzed photooxygenation in vivo is a leading approach; however, moderate catalyst activity and the side effects of scalp injury are problematic in prior studies using AD model mice. Here, leuco ethyl violet (LEV) is identified as a highly active, amyloid-selective, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable photooxygenation catalyst that circumvents all of these problems. LEV is a redox-sensitive, self-activating prodrug catalyst; self-oxidation of LEV through a hydrogen atom transfer process under photoirradiation produces catalytically active ethyl violet (EV) in the presence of amyloid. LEV effectively oxygenates human Aβ and tau, suggesting the feasibility for applications in humans. Furthermore, a concept of using a hydrogen atom as a caging group of a reactive catalyst functional in vivo is postulated. The minimal size of the hydrogen caging group is especially useful for catalyst delivery to the brain through BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Furuta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Suguru Arii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Umeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shizu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigehiro A Kawashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Youhei Sohma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Harunobu Mitsunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Umeda H, Suda K, Yokogawa D, Azumaya Y, Kitada N, Maki SA, Kawashima SA, Mitsunuma H, Yamanashi Y, Kanai M. Unimolecular Chemiexcited Oxygenation of Pathogenic Amyloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405605. [PMID: 38757875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic protein aggregates, called amyloids, are etiologically relevant to various diseases, including neurodegenerative Alzheimer disease. Catalytic photooxygenation of amyloids, such as amyloid-β (Aβ), reduces their toxicity; however, the requirement for light irradiation may limit its utility in large animals, including humans, due to the low tissue permeability of light. Here, we report that Cypridina luciferin analogs, dmCLA-Cl and dmCLA-Br, promoted selective oxygenation of amyloids through chemiexcitation without external light irradiation. Further structural optimization of dmCLA-Cl led to the identification of a derivative with a polar carboxylate functional group and low cellular toxicity: dmCLA-Cl-acid. dmCLA-Cl-acid promoted oxygenation of Aβ amyloid and reduced its cellular toxicity without photoirradiation. The chemiexcited oxygenation developed in this study may be an effective approach to neutralizing the toxicity of amyloids, which can accumulate deep inside the body, and treating amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Umeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kayo Suda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuto Azumaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kitada
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shojiro A Maki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shigehiro A Kawashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Harunobu Mitsunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamanashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Matsukawa R, Yamane M, Kanai M. Histidine Photooxygenation Chemistry: Mechanistic Evidence and Elucidation. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300198. [PMID: 37675808 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Histidine photooxygenation has been the subject of extensive investigation for many years. The intricate nature of histidine distinguishes it from other amino acids, as its side chain readily undergoes changes in charge state and tautomerization in response to pH, and the polarity of the imidazole ring inverts upon oxidation. This complexity gives rise to a diverse range of oxidation products and mechanisms, posing challenges in their interpretation. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the chemistry involved in histidine photooxygenation, encompassing a comprehensive analysis of resulting products, mechanisms engaged in their formation, and analytical techniques that have contributed to their identification. Additionally, it explores a wide range of applications stemming from this transformation, offering valuable insights into its practical implications in fields such as materials science, biomedical research, and drug development. By bridging the existing gap in literature, this review serves as a resource for understanding the intricacies of histidine photooxygenation and its diverse ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Yamane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang ST, Sun MF, Gao H, Shen BB, Fang WJ. Monitoring of low-molecular-weight protein aggregation by CE-SDS as a complementary method to SE-HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115521. [PMID: 37327620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) has long been proven to have excellent performance in the analysis and characterization of therapeutic proteins. However, it is rarely used for the detection of low-molecular-weight proteins or peptides. Our research has proved the ability of CE-SDS to characterize the purity of low-molecular-weight proteins (i.e., <10 kDa) and even polypeptides. In this article, insulin glargine was used as a model protein, and CE-SDS was used to analyze the samples damaged by heating and light exposure. The monomers, dimers, and trimers of insulin glargine were effectively separated, and the results of the mass spectrometry also confirmed the existence of two kinds of insulin aggregates. For comparison, the size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) only showed a single aggregate peak. In addition, the denaturation conditions caused only the covalent aggregates to appear in the CE-SDS analysis. These advantages also make CE-SDS an excellent supplementary technology to the traditional SE-HPLC, providing biopharmaceutical analysts with more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min-Fei Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Han Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, China; Research Institute of Zhejiang University-Taizhou, Taizhou 317000, China.
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Umeda H, Sawazaki T, Furuta M, Suzuki T, Kawashima SA, Mitsunuma H, Hori Y, Tomita T, Sohma Y, Kanai M. Quantitative Assays for Catalytic Photo-Oxygenation of Alzheimer Disease-Related Tau Proteins. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2710-2716. [PMID: 37470225 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic photo-oxygenation of tau amyloid is a potential therapeutic approach to tauopathies, including Alzheimer disease (AD). However, tau is a complex target containing great molecular size and heterogeneous isoforms/proteoforms. Although catalytic photo-oxygenation has been confirmed when using catalyst 1 and recombinant tau pretreated with heparin, its effects on tau from human patients have not yet been clarified. In this study, focusing on the histidine residues being oxygenated, we have constructed two assay systems capable of quantitatively evaluating the catalytic activity when used on human patient tau: (1) fluorescence labeling at oxygenated histidine sites and (2) LC-MS/MS analysis of histidine-containing fragments. Using these assays, we identified 2 as a promising catalyst for oxygenation of human tau. In addition, our results suggest that aggregated tau induced by heparin is different from actual AD patient tau in developing effective photo-oxygenation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Umeda
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taka Sawazaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuta
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takanobu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigehiro A Kawashima
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Harunobu Mitsunuma
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Youhei Sohma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Maghsoodi F, Martin TD, Chi EY. Partial Destabilization of Amyloid-β Protofibril by Methionine Photo-Oxidation: A Molecular Dynamic Simulation Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10148-10159. [PMID: 36969430 PMCID: PMC10035002 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective photosensitized oxidation of amyloid protein aggregates is being investigated as a possible therapeutic strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Photo-oxidation has been shown to degrade amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates and ameliorate aggregate toxicity in vitro and reduce aggregate levels in the brains of AD animal models. To shed light on the mechanism by which photo-oxidation induces fibril destabilization, we carried out an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to examine the effect of methionine (Met35) oxidation on the conformation and stability of a β-sheet-rich Aβ9-40 protofibril. Analyses of up to 1 μs simulations showed that the oxidation of the Met35 residues, which resulted in the addition of hydrophilic oxygens in the fibril core, reduced the overall conformational stability of the protofibril. Specifically, Met35 disrupted the hydrophobic interface that stabilizes the stacking of the two hexamers that comprise the protofibril. The oxidized protofibril is more solvent exposed and exhibits more backbone flexibility. However, the protofibril retained the underlying U-shaped architecture of each peptide upon oxidation, and although some loss of β-sheets occurred, a significant portion remained. Our simulation results are thus consistent with our experimental observation that photo-oxidation of Aβ40 fibril resulted in the dis-agglomeration and fragmentation of Aβ fibrils but did not cause complete disruption of the fibrillar morphology or β-sheet structures. The partial destabilization of Aβ aggregates supports the further development of photosensitized platforms for the targeting and clearing of Aβ aggregates as a therapeutic strategy for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Maghsoodi
- Nanoscience
and Microsystems Engineering Graduate Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Tye D. Martin
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Eva Y. Chi
- Center
for Biomedical Engineering, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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7
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Catalysis medicine: Participating in the chemical networks of living organisms through catalysts. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Recent advance on pleiotropic cholinesterase inhibitors bearing amyloid modulation efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114695. [PMID: 36044812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the hugely important roles of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the development of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) focused on cholinesterase (ChE) and Aβ becomes one of the most attractive strategies for combating AD. To date, numerous preclinical studies toward multifunctional conjugates bearing ChE inhibition and anti-Aβ aggregation have been reported. Noteworthily, most of the reported multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors are carbamate-based compounds due to the initial properties of carbamate moiety. However, because their easy hydrolysis in vivo and the instability of the compound-enzyme conjugate, the mechanism of action of these compounds is rare. Thus, non-carbamate compounds are of great need for developing novel cholinesterase inhibitors. Besides, given that Aβ accumulation begins to occur 10-15 years before AD onset, modulating Aβ is ineffective only in inhibiting its aggregation but not eliminate the already accumulated Aβ if treatment is started when the patient has been diagnosed as AD. Considering the limitation of current Aβ accumulation modulators in ameliorating cognitive deficits and ineffectiveness of ChE inhibitors in blocking disease progression, the development of a practically valuable strategy with multiple pharmaceutical properties including ChE inhibition and Aβ modulation for treating AD is indispensable. In this review, we focus on summarizing the scaffold characteristics of reported non-carbamate cholinesterase inhibitors with Aβ modulation since 2020, and understanding the ingenious multifunctional drug design ideas to accelerate the pace of obtaining more efficient anti-AD drugs in the future.
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