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Huang Y, Peng X, Li T. Recent Advances in NHC-Catalyzed Chemoselective Activation of Carbonyl Compounds. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400097. [PMID: 38451172 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) catalysts have been employed as effective tools in the development of various reactions, which have made notable contributions in developing diverse reaction modes and generating significant functionalized molecules. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements in the chemo- and regioselective activation of different aldehydes using NHCs, categorized into five parts based on the different activation modes. A brief conclusion and outlook is provided to stimulate the development of novel activation modes for accessing functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Hou XX, Wei D. Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity for the NHC-Catalyzed Desymmetrization Reaction for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3133-3142. [PMID: 38359780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Organocatalytic desymmetrization reaction is a powerful tool for constructing axial chirality, but the theoretical study on the origin of stereoselectivity still lags behind even now. In this work, the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed desymmetrization reaction of biaryl frameworks for the synthesis of axially chiral aldehydes has been selected and theoretically investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The fundamental pathway involves several steps, i.e., desymmetrization, formation of Breslow oxidation, esterification, and NHC regeneration. The desymmetrization and formation of Breslow processes have been identified as stereoselectivity-determining and rate-determining steps. Further weak interaction analyses proved that the C-H···O hydrogen bond and C-H···π interactions are responsible for the stability of the key stereoselective desymmetrization transition states. This research contributes to understanding the nature of NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization reactions for the synthesis of axially chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Hou
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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Shi Y, Shi Y, Yang S, Chen X, Qiao Y. Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Ion (COBI)-Catalyzed Reaction of Aldimine with Tributyltin Cyanide: Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2023; 88:9803-9810. [PMID: 37399451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
By conducting density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the detailed reaction mechanisms of aldimines with tributyltin cyanide under the catalytic influence of chiral oxazaborolidinium ion (COBI) have been uncovered. Three potential reaction pathways were examined, and two stereoselective routes were determined for the most energetically favorable mechanism. In the primary route, a proton is transferred from the COBI catalyst to the aldimine substrate, which is then followed by the C-C bond formation to produce the final product. Subsequently, NBO analyses of the stereoselectivity-determining transition states were conducted to identify the crucial role of hydrogen bond interactions in controlling stereoselectivity. These computed findings should prove invaluable in comprehending the detailed mechanisms and underlying origins of stereoselectivity for COBI-mediated reactions of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- Department of pathology, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466099, China
| | - Yaqian Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shanxiao Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xinhuan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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De Risi C, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A, Bortolini O. Oxidative N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202467. [PMID: 36205918 PMCID: PMC10099058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis is a by now consolidated organocatalytic platform for a number of synthetic (asymmetric) transformations via diverse reaction modes/intermediates. In addition to the typical umpolung processes involving acyl anion/homoenolate equivalent species, implementation of protocols under oxidative conditions greatly expands the possibilities of this methodology. Oxidative NHC-catalysis allows for oxidative and oxygenative transformations through specific manipulations of Breslow-type species depending upon the oxidant used (external oxidant or O2 /air), the derived NHC-bound intermediates paving the way to non-umpolung processes through activation of carbon atoms and heteroatoms. This review is intended to update the state of the art in oxidative NHC-catalyzed reactions that appeared in the literature from 2014 to present, with a strong focus to crucial intermediates and their mechanistic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Prevenzione, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Mechanistic study of [4 + 3] cyclization of N,N′-cyclic azomethine imines with isatoic anhydrides under Brønsted acid catalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Han LL, Zhang QY, Li X, Qiao Y, Lan Y, Wei D. The chiral pyridoxal-catalyzed biomimetic Mannich reaction: the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00705c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biomimetic organocatalyst with a pyridoxal-like structure is one of the most successful examples of catalyzing organic reactions under mild conditions in an asymmetric synthesis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Han
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Yu Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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Luo J, Han LL, Chen K, Song J, Wei D. A DFT study on the mechanism and regioselectivity of NHC-catalyzed double acylation of aromatic 1,2-diketones with α,β-unsaturated ketones. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possible mechanisms and the origin of regioselectivity of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed double acylation reaction of aromatic 1,2-diketones with α,β-unsaturated ketones have been theoretically studied using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Han
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Kuohong Chen
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P. R. China
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