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Lee JJC, Chua MH, Wang S, Qu Z, Zhu Q, Xu J. Cyclotriphosphazene: A Versatile Building Block for Diverse Functional Materials. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400357. [PMID: 38837322 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cyclotriphosphazene (CP) is a cyclic inorganic compound with the chemical formula N3P3. This unique molecule consists of a six-membered ring composed of alternating nitrogen and phosphorus atoms, each bonded to two chlorine atoms. CP exhibits remarkable versatility and significance in the realm of materials chemistry due to its easy functionalization via facile nucleophilic substitution reactions in mild conditions as well as intriguing properties of resultant final CP-based molecules or polymers. CP has been served as an important building block for numerous functional materials. This review provides a general and broad overview of the synthesis of CP-based small molecules through nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), and their applications, including flame retardants, liquid crystals (LC), chemosensors, electronics, biomedical materials, and lubricants, have been summarized and discussed. It would be expected that this review would offer a timely summary of various CP-based materials and hence give an insight into further exploration of CP-based molecules in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Joo Cheng Lee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, Singapore, 627833
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
| | - Zhengyao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, Singapore, 138634
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road Jurong Island, Singapore, Singapore, 627833
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543
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2
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Wu J, Wang S, Ji R, Kai D, Kong J, Liu S, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Chua MH, Xu J, Loh XJ, Yan Q, Zhu Q. In Situ Characterization Techniques for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39092833 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to produce ammonia is pivotal in modern society due to its environmental friendliness and the substantial influence that ammonia has on food, chemicals, and energy. However, the current electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) mechanism is still imperfect, which seriously impedes the development of NRR. In situ characterization techniques offer insight into the alterations taking place at the electrode/electrolyte interface throughout the NRR process, thereby helping us to explore the NRR mechanism in-depth and ultimately promote the development of efficient catalytic systems for NRR. Herein, we introduce the popular theories and mechanisms of the electrochemical NRR and provide an extensive overview on the application of various in situ characterization approaches for on-site detection of reaction intermediates and catalyst transformations during electrocatalytic NRR processes, including different optical techniques, X-ray-based techniques, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Finally, some major challenges and future directions of these in situ techniques are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Rong Ji
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Junhua Kong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Songlin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Beng Hoon Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
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3
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Navya PV, Ganesan K, Neyts EC, Sampath S. Heterocycle- and Amine-Free Electrochromic and Electrofluorochromic Molecules for Energy-Saving See-Through Smart Windows and Displays. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401647. [PMID: 38747442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are an elegant alternative to dusty curtains, blinds, and traditional dimming devices. The EC energy storage smart windows and displays received remarkable attention in the optoelectronic industry as they hold promise for high energy efficiency, low power consumption, reversibility, and swift response to stimuli. However, achieving these properties remains challenging. Moreover, most EC molecules do not exhibit electrofluorochromism, which is highly essential for smart displays because its EC property can modulate the solar heat entering the building, and its electrofluorochromic (EFC) aspects can create lighting during the night. In this work, a structure-property relationship is utilized to develop new electrochromes that can store the injected charge, and these molecules indeed exhibit electrofluorochromism. The compounds are synthesized from tetrabenzofluorene with two aromatic acceptor units, and avoids the use of widely studied heterocycles and amine derivatives. The electrochromes switches from yellow to dark hue in solution, solid, and gel state. The compounds display exceptional electrochemical stability and reversibility in 1000 cycles and capacity retention of 93-100 % in 300 charging-discharging cycles. The proof-of-concept device fabrication of the self-dimming EC smart window presented here demonstrates that it can furnish visual comfort, modulate transmitted light and glare, and reduce energy usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panichiyil V Navya
- Soft Functional Hybrid Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Krithika Ganesan
- MOSAIC Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Erik C Neyts
- MOSAIC Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Srinivasan Sampath
- Soft Functional Hybrid Materials Lab, Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
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4
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Soo XYD, Muiruri JK, Wu WY, Yeo JCC, Wang S, Tomczak N, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Wang P, Wei F, Suwardi A, Xu J, Loh XJ, Yan Q, Zhu Q. Bio-Polyethylene and Polyethylene Biocomposites: An Alternative toward a Sustainable Future. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400064. [PMID: 38594967 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non-biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio-based PE (bio-PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio-PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio-PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio-PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio-PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Joseph Kinyanjui Muiruri
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wen-Ya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Beng Hoon Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Fengxia Wei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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5
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Hui BYK, Chin KLO, Lim JJL, Soo XYD, Lu X, Zhu Q, Liu X, Xu J, Chua MH. Strategies to Enhance the Electrochromic Properties of Conjugated Polymers Bearing Pyromellitic Diimide Acceptors. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400236. [PMID: 38679783 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A series of conjugated polymers bearing thiophene-based donors and pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) acceptor were prepared, and their electrochromic (EC) properties were studied via using fabricated thin-film EC devices. It was observed that structurally regular alternating polymers with fewer (1 and 2) thiophene donors do not exhibit any EC properties while increasing the number of donors eventually led to the emergence of orange-red-to-green colour switching. On this basis, two more random co-polymers containing higher donor-to-acceptor ratios were synthesized to further improve EC switching properties. The two polymers, which bear a PMDI-to-thiophene ratio of ca. 1 : 7 and 1 : 8, revealed orange red-to-blue colour switching and generally improved optical contrasts and switching speeds in both the visible and near infra-red (NIR) region. In addition, the subtle modulation of polymer colour and hue via variation of the number of thiophene donors was evident through colorimetric study. This work therefore demonstrates the potential and possibility of using the PMDI acceptor unit to construct EC-active conjugated polymers, and considerations for future tuning of colour and switching performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Yat Kit Hui
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
- Science, Math and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372
| | - Kang Le Osmund Chin
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
| | - Jovan Jun Long Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Science, Math and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833
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Wu WY, Zhang M, Wang C, Tao L, Bu J, Zhu Q. Harnessing Ash for Sustainable CO 2 Absorption: Current Strategies and Future Prospects. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400180. [PMID: 38650439 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the potential of using different types of ash, namely fly ash, biomass ash, and coal ash etc., as mediums for CO2 capture and sequestration. The diverse origins of these ash types - municipal waste, organic biomass, and coal combustion - impart unique physicochemical properties that influence their suitability and efficiency in CO2 absorption. This review first discusses the environmental and economic implications of using ash wastes, emphasizing the reduction in landfill usage and the transformation of waste into value-added products. Then the chemical/physical treatments of ash wastes and their inherent capabilities in binding or reacting with CO2 are introduced, along with current methodologies utilize these ashes for CO2 sequestration, including mineral carbonation and direct air capture techniques. The application of using ash wastes for CO2 capture are highlighted, followed by the discussion regarding challenges associated with ash-based CO2 absorption approach. Finally, the article projects into the future, proposing innovative approaches and technological advancements needed to enhance the efficacy of ash in combating the increasing CO2 levels. By providing a comprehensive analysis of current strategies and envisioning future prospects, this review aims to contribute to the field of sustainable CO2 absorption and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cun Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic ofSingapore
| | - Longgang Tao
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic ofSingapore
| | - Jie Bu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic ofSingapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Republic ofSingapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
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7
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Chin KLO, Ong PJ, Zhu Q, Xu J, Chua MH. Electrofluorochromic Switching of Heat-Induced Cross-Linkable Multi-Styryl-Terminated Triphenylamine and Tetraphenylethylene Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:2340. [PMID: 38792201 PMCID: PMC11123742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
High-performance electrochromic (EC) and electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials have garnered considerable interest due to their diverse applications in smart windows, optoelectronics, optical displays, military camouflage, etc. While many different EC and EFC polymers have been reported, their preparation often requires multiple steps, and their polymer molecular weights are subjected to batch variation. In this work, we prepared two triphenylamine (TPA)-based and two tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based derivatives functionalized with terminal styryl groups via direct Suzuki coupling with (4-vinylphenyl)boronic acid and vinylboronic acid pinacol ester. The two novel TPE derivatives exhibited green-yellow aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The EC and EFC properties of pre- and post-thermally treated derivatives spin-coated onto ITO-glass substrates were studied. While all four derivatives showed modest absorption changes with applied voltages up to +2.4 V, retaining a high degree of optical transparency, they exhibited obvious EFC properties with the quenching of blue to yellow fluorescence with IOFF/ON contrast ratios of up to 7.0. The findings therefore demonstrate an elegant approach to preparing optically transparent, heat-induced, cross-linkable styryl-functionalized EFC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Le Osmund Chin
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Pin Jin Ong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (K.L.O.C.); (Q.Z.)
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8
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Metwally HM, Khalaf NA, Abdel-Latif E, Ismail MA. Synthesis, DFT investigations, antioxidant, antibacterial activity and SAR-study of novel thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives. BMC Chem 2023; 17:6. [PMID: 36803621 PMCID: PMC9940361 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic strategy for the synthesis of thiophene 2-carboxamide derivatives substituted with hydroxyl, methyl and amino groups at position-3 was proposed. The strategy includes the cyclization of the precursor ethyl 2-arylazo-3-mercapto-3-(phenylamino)acrylate derivatives, 2-acetyl-2-arylazo-thioacetanilide derivatives and N-aryl-2-cyano-3-mercapto-3-(phenylamino)acrylamide derivatives with N-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-chloroacetamide in alcoholic sodium ethoxide. IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopic analyses were used to characterize the synthesized derivatives. In addition, molecular, electronic properties of the synthesized products were studied by the density functional theory (DFT) where they exhibited close HOMO-LUMO energy gap (ΔEH-L) in which the amino derivatives 7a-c have the highest while the methyl derivatives 5a-c were the lowest. Using the ABTS method, the antioxidant properties of the produced compounds were evaluated, where amino thiophene-2-carboxamide 7a exhibit significant inhibition activity 62.0% compared to ascorbic acid The antibacterial activity against two pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) revealed that 7b records the highest activity index compared to ampicillin 83.3, 82.6, 64.0, 86.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives were docked with five different proteins with the use molecular docking tools and the results explained interactions between amino acid residue of enzyme and compounds. Compounds 3b and 3c showed the highest binding score with 2AS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. Metwally
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Norhan A. Khalaf
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ehab Abdel-Latif
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ismail
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
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9
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Xu Z, Wang B, Kong L, Zhao J, Du Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Solution-Processible Donor-Acceptor Electrochromic Conjugated Copolymers Based on Quinoxalino[2',3':9,10]phenanthro[4,5-abc]phenazine as the Acceptor Unit. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040940. [PMID: 36850223 PMCID: PMC9965564 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) type conjugated polymers are of high interest in the field of electrochromism. In this study, three novel conjugated copolymers (PBPE-1, PBPE-2 and PBPE-3) based on quinoxalino[2',3':9,10]phenanthro[4,5-abc]phenazine (A) as the acceptor unit and 4,8-bis((2-octyldodecyl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (D1) and 3,3-didecyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine (ProDOT-decyl2, D2) as the donor units with different donor-to-acceptor ratios were successfully synthesized through Stille coupling polymerization. The polymers were then characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectoscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroelectrochemistry, thermogravimetry (TG), electrochromic switching and colorimetry. Optical band gap values were calculated as 1.99 eV, 2.02 eV and 2.03 eV, respectively. The three copolymers have good solubility, distinct redox peaks, wide absorption spectra, good thermal stabilities, bright color changes and significant electrochromic switching properties. Compared to the other two copolymers, the PBPE-3 film exhibited high coloration efficiency values of 513 cm2·C-1 at 504 nm and 475 cm2·C-1 at 1500 nm. The films have the advantage of exhibiting cathodic and anodic coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Bozhen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Lingqian Kong
- Dongchang College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yuchang Du
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.D.)
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Isoindigo-Thiophene D-A-D-Type Conjugated Polymers: Electrosynthesis and Electrochromic Performances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032219. [PMID: 36768544 PMCID: PMC9916795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Four novel isoindigo-thiophene D-A-D-type precursors are synthesized by Stille coupling and electrosynthesized to yield corresponding hybrid polymers with favorable electrochemical and electrochromic performances. Intrinsic structure-property relationships of precursors and corresponding polymers, including surface morphology, band gaps, electrochemical properties, and electrochromic behaviors, are systematically investigated. The resultant isoindigo-thiophene D-A-D-type polymer combines the merits of isoindigo and polythiophene, including the excellent stability of isoindigo-based polymers and the extraordinary electrochromic stability of polythiophene. The low onset oxidation potential of precursors ranges from 1.10 to 1.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, contributing to the electrodeposition of high-quality polymer films. Further kinetic studies illustrate that isoindigo-thiophene D-A-D-type polymers possess favorable electrochromic performances, including high optical contrast (53%, 1000 nm), fast switching time (0.8 s), and high coloration efficiency (124 cm2 C-1). These features of isoindigo-thiophene D-A-D-type conjugated polymers could provide a possibility for rational design and application as electrochromic materials.
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Ming S, Zhang Y, Lin K, Zhao J, Zhang Y. Large-fused-ring-based D-A type electrochromic polymer with magenta/yellowish green/cyan three-color transitions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1970-1976. [PMID: 36541439 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04987b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Large-fused-ring-based conjugated polymers possess wide application prospects in optoelectronic devices due to their high charge transport and wide optical absorption. In this paper, three low-bandgap donor-acceptor (D-A) type polymers PBIT-X (X = 1, 2, 3) based on alkylated benzodithiophene and tris(thienothiophene) as donors and thiadiazol-quinoxaline as an acceptor were synthesized via Stille coupling polymerization at different (donor/acceptor) D/A molar feed ratios. The band gaps of PBIT-1, PBIT-2, PBIT-3 were 1.10 eV, 1.04 eV and 1.02 eV, respectively. Spectroelectrochemistry studies showed that the three D-A type polymers have dual bands located in visible and near-infrared regions in the neutral state. The three D-A type polymers possess good electrochromic properties, such as an optical contrast of 56% and response time of 0.3 s. In particular, PBIT-3 could achieve three color changes from magenta to yellowish green to cyan during the oxidation process. The results indicate that these D-A type conjugated polymers based on large fused-ring units exhibit multiple color changes, endowing them with huge potential applications in visible and near-infrared electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouli Ming
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Yuling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Kaiwen Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China.
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Ming S, Du Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y. Covering visible light region of fused rings-based D-A type electrochromic polymer with high-coloration efficiency. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gao Z, Kong L, Ming S, Du H, Zhang Y, Zhao J. D-A type ambipolar electrochromic copolymers based on dithienopyrrole, 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and benzotriazole units with dual fading processes. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sobarzo PA, González A, Jessop IA, Hauyon RA, Medina J, García LE, Zarate X, González-Henríquez C, Schott E, Tundidor-Camba A, Terraza CA. Tetraphenylsilane-based oligo(azomethine)s containing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene units along their backbone: Optical, electronic, thermal properties and computational simulations. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wu L, Guo Y, Kuang G, Wang Y, Liu H, Kang Y, Ma T, Tao Y, Huang K, Zhang S. Synthesis and electrochromic properties of all donor polymers containing fused thienothiophene derivatives with high contrast and color efficiency. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Ming S, Zhang Y, Lin K, Du Y, Zhao J, Zhang Y. Maroon-green-indigo color switching of thienoisoindigo-based electrochromic copolymers with high optical contrast. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hacioglu SO, Aktas E, Hizalan G, Akbasoglu N, Cirpan A, Toppare L. Syntheses of novel fluorinated dibenzo[ a, c]phenazine comprising polymers for electrochromic device applications. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five novel fluorinated dibenzo[a,c]phenazine comprising polymers were synthesized and characterized for electrochromic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serife O. Hacioglu
- Department of Basic Sciences of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, 31200, Hatay, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ece Aktas
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, PiazzaleTecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Italy
| | - Gonul Hizalan
- ODTU GUNAM, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Naime Akbasoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ali Cirpan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- ODTU GUNAM, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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