1
|
Schwitalla K, Klimek J, Greven T, Schmidtmann M, Beckhaus R. Syntheses, Characterization, and Redox Activity of Ferrocene-Containing Titanium Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29017-29024. [PMID: 38973898 PMCID: PMC11223194 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of bis(π-η5:σ-η1-pentafulvene)titanium complexes is characterized by a broad range of E-H activation and Ti-C functionalization reactions, whereas ferrocene derivatives are easily accessible and redox-active compounds. The reaction of ferrocenealdehyde and -ketones with bis(π-η5:σ-η1-pentafulvene)titanium complexes result in the formation of bimetallic complexes via insertion of the C=O double bond of the aldehyde/ketone into the Ti-Cexo bond of the pentafulvene moiety. The reaction of bis(π-η5:σ-η1-pentafulvene)titanium complexes with ferrocenyl alcohols leads to alcoholate complexes via deprotonation of the OH group by the pentafulvene ligand. Because of the one remaining pentafulvene unit, further functionalization of the complexes is possible. In this work, we proceeded with 1,1'-bifunctionalized ferrocene derivatives for intramolecular follow-up reactions. 1,1'-Ferrocenedimethanol reacts with bis(π-η5:σ-η1-pentafulvene)titanium complexes in a double O-H deprotonation reaction to yield the dialcoholate complex. 1,1'-bis(phenylphosphine)ferrocene reacts differently as the double P-H deprotonation reaction results in the formation of a P-P linked phosphine. Therefore, we studied the reactivity of 1,1'-bis(phenylphosphine)ferrocene toward Rosenthal's reagent. As Rosenthal's reagent is regarded as a masked titanocene(II) species, it undergoes redox reactions toward H-acidic substrates, forming a paramagnetic Ti(III) complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwitalla
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Justin Klimek
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tobias Greven
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hou J, Huang C, Liu Y, Fei P, Zhang D, Qu K, Zi W, Huang X. Phenanthroline-Mediated Photoelectrical Enhancement in Calix[4]arene-Functionalized Titanium-Oxo Clusters. Molecules 2024; 29:2566. [PMID: 38893442 PMCID: PMC11173645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Incorporating two organic ligands with different functionalities into a titanium-oxo cluster entity simultaneously can endow the material with their respective properties and provide synergistic performance enhancement, which is of great significance for enriching the structure and properties of titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs). However, the synthesis of such TOCs is highly challenging. In this work, we successfully synthesized a TBC4A-functionalized TOC, [Ti2(TBC4A)2(MeO)2] (Ti2; MeOH = methanol, TBC4A = tert-butylcalix[4]arene). By adjusting the solvent system, we successfully introduced 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) and prepared TBC4A and Phen co-protected [Ti2(TBC4A)2(Phen)2] (Ti2-Phen). Moreover, when Phen was replaced with bulky 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), [Ti2(TBC4A)2(Bphen)2] (Ti2-Bphen), which is isostructural with Ti2-Phen, was obtained, demonstrating the generality of the synthetic method. Remarkably, Ti2-Phen demonstrates good stability and stronger light absorption, as well as superior photoelectric performance compared to Ti2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that there exists ligand-to-core charge transfer (LCCT) in Ti2, while an unusual ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) is present in Ti2-Phen, accompanied by partial LCCT. Therefore, the superior light absorption and photoelectric properties of Ti2-Phen are attributed to the existence of the unusual LLCT phenomenon. This study not only deeply explores the influence of Phen on the performance of the material but also provides a reference for the preparation of materials with excellent photoelectric performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (C.H.); (Y.L.); (P.F.); (D.Z.); (K.Q.); (W.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (C.H.); (Y.L.); (P.F.); (D.Z.); (K.Q.); (W.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nai H, Hou J, Li J, Ma X, Yang Y, Qu K, Huang X, Li L. Accurate assembly of thiophene-bridged titanium-oxo clusters with photocatalytic amine oxidation activity. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7924-7931. [PMID: 38449818 PMCID: PMC10915587 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing well-defined crystalline catalysts for the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines to imines remains a great challenge. In this work, a crystalline dumbbell-shaped titanium oxo cluster, [Ti10O6(Thdc)(Dmg)2(iPrO)22] (Ti10, Thdc = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, Dmg = dimethylglyoxime, iPrOH = isopropanol), was constructed through a facile one-pot solvothermal strategy and treated as a catalyst for the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines. In this structure, Thdc serves as the horizontal bar, while the {Ti5Dmg} layers on each side act as the weight plates. The molecular structure, light absorption, and photoelectrochemical properties of Ti10 were systematically investigated. Remarkably, the inclusion of the Thdc ligand, with the assistance of the Dmg ligand, broadens the light absorption spectrum of Ti10, extending it into the visible range. Furthermore, the effective enhancement of charge transfer within the Ti10 was achieved with the successful incorporation of the Thdc ligand, as opposed to PTC-211, where terephthalic acid replaces the Thdc ligand, while maintaining consistency in other aspects of Ti10. Building on this foundation, Ti10 was employed as a heterogeneous molecular photocatalyst for the catalytic oxidative coupling reaction of benzylamine (BA), demonstrating very high conversion activity and selectivity. Our study illustrates that the inclusion of ligands derived from Thdc enhances the efficiency of charge transfer in functionalized photocatalysts, significantly influencing the performance of photocatalytic organic conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Nai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinle Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Konggang Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hou J, Huang N, Acharya D, Liu Y, Zhu J, Teng J, Wang Z, Qu K, Zhang X, Sun D. All-catecholate-stabilized black titanium-oxo clusters for efficient photothermal conversion. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2655-2664. [PMID: 38362423 PMCID: PMC10866351 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) completely stabilized by organic dye ligands with high stability and superior light absorption remains a significant challenge. In this study, we report the syntheses of three atomically precise catechol (Cat)-functionalized TOCs, [Ti2(Cat)2(OEgO)2(OEgOH)2] (Ti2), [Ti8O5(Cat)9(iPrO)4(iPrOH)2] (Ti8), and [Ti16O8(OH)8(Cat)20]·H2O·PhMe (Ti16), using a solvent-induced strategy (HOEgOH = ethylene glycol; iPrOH = isopropanol; PhMe = toluene). Interestingly, the TiO core of Ti16 is almost entirely enveloped by catechol ligands, making it the first all-catechol-protected high-nuclearity TOC. In contrast, Ti2 and Ti8 have four weakly coordinated ethylene glycol ligands and six weakly coordinated iPrOH ligands, respectively, in addition to the catechol ligands. Ti16 is visually evident in its distinctively black appearance, which belongs to black TOCs (B-TOCs) and exhibits an ultralow optical band gap. Furthermore, Ti16 displays exceptional stability in various media/environments, including exposure to air, solvents, and both acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions due to its comprehensive protection by catechol ligands and rich intra-cluster supramolecular interactions. Ti16 has superior photoelectric response qualities and photothermal conversion capabilities compared to Ti2 and Ti8 due to its ultralow optical band gap and remarkable stability. This discovery not only represents a huge step forward in the creation of all-catecholate-protected B-TOCs with ultralow optical band gaps and outstanding stability, but it also gives key valuable mechanistic insights into their photothermal/electric applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Nahui Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dinesh Acharya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Teng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Konggang Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo YH, Yu YZ, Shen YH, Yang LG, Liu NN, Zhou ZY, Niu YS. "Three-in-One" Structural-Building-Mode-Based Ti 16-Type Titanium Oxo Cluster Entirely Protected by the Ligands Benzoate and Salicylhydroxamate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8685-8693. [PMID: 35639458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Titanium oxo clusters (TOCs) with accurate molecular structures have potential applications in photocatalysis, such as photocatalytic degradation, hydrogen production, and water oxidation. The hydrolytic stability and light absorption ability of TOCs have important impacts on photocatalysis, where the selection of peripheral organic ligands plays a significant role. In this regard, salicylhydroxamic acid (abbreviated as H3L) attracts our attention, acting as a ligand for its multidentate and dye-functional features, which can increase the hydrolytic stability and broaden light absorption for TOCs. Herein, two TOCs were solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized using H3L, formulated as [Ti8(μ2-O)2(μ3-O)2(OiPr)12(L)4]·2CH3CN (1) and [Ti16(μ2-O)10(μ3-O)4(PhCOO)14(L)6(HL)2]·4CH3CN·2iPrOH (2). Complex 2 was obtained by adding excessive benzoic acid over the reaction system of 1, resulting in enhanced hydrolytic stability via the replacement of all alkoxy ligands by multidentate ligands for protection. Interestingly, for the first time, the "three-in-one" structural building mode with {Ti6} + {Ti4} + {Ti6} by the common subunits in 2 was observed among all reported TOCs. Moreover, complex 2 can strongly absorb visible light reaching up to 700 nm and exhibit obvious activity for the photodegradation of methyl orange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - You-Zhu Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Shen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Li-Guo Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Na-Na Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Subcritical High-Efficiency Extraction, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|