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Szkudlarek Ł, Chałupka-Śpiewak K, Maniukiewicz W, Nowosielska M, Szynkowska-Jóźwik MI, Mierczyński P. Biodiesel Production by Methanolysis of Rapeseed Oil-Influence of SiO 2/Al 2O 3 Ratio in BEA Zeolite Structure on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Systems with Alkaline Earth Oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3570. [PMID: 38612389 PMCID: PMC11011398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaline earth metal oxide (MgO, CaO, SrO) catalysts supported on BEA zeolite were prepared by a wet impregnation method and tested in the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol towards the formation of biodiesel (FAMEs-fatty acid methyl esters). To assess the influence of the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the catalytic activity in the tested reaction, a BEA zeolite carrier material with different Si/Al ratios was used. The prepared catalysts were tested in the transesterification reaction at temperatures of 180 °C and 220 °C using a molar ratio of methanol/oil reagents of 9:1. The transesterification process was carried out for 2 h with the catalyst mass of 0.5 g. The oil conversion value and efficiency towards FAME formation were determined using the HPLC technique. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using the following research techniques: CO2-TPD, XRD, BET, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. The results of the catalytic activity showed that higher activity in the tested process was confirmed for the catalysts supported on the BEA zeolite characterized by the highest silica/alumina ratio for the reaction carried out at a temperature of 220 °C. The most active zeolite catalyst was the 10% CaO/BEA system (Si/Al = 300), which showed the highest triglyceride (TG) conversion of 90.5% and the second highest FAME yield of 94.6% in the transesterification reaction carried out at 220 °C. The high activity of this system is associated with its alkalinity, high value of the specific surface area, the size of the active phase crystallites, and its characteristic sorption properties in relation to methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paweł Mierczyński
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.S.); (K.C.-Ś.); (W.M.); (M.N.); (M.I.S.-J.)
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Nganda A, Srivastava P, Lamba BY, Pandey A, Kumar M. Advances in the fabrication, modification, and performance of biochar, red mud, calcium oxide, and bentonite catalysts in waste-to-fuel conversion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116284. [PMID: 37270078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various catalysts are being used in fuel production from biomass and polymeric waste for the obtention of an alternative energy source with both environmental friendliness and economic viability. Biochar, red mud bentonite, and calcium oxide have been shown to play a pertinent role as catalysts in waste-to-fuel conversion processes, such as transesterification and pyrolysis. In this line of thought, this paper has provided a compendium of the fabrication and modification technologies of bentonite, red mud calcium oxide, and biochar, together with their various performances in their application in the waste-to-fuel processes. Additionally, an overview of the structural and chemical attributes of these components is discussed regarding their efficiency. Ultimately, research trends and future points of focus are evaluated, and it is observed that techno-economic optimization of catalyst synthetic routes and investigation of new catalytic formulations, such as biochar and red mud-based nanocatalysts, are potential prospects. This report also offers future research directions that are anticipated to contribute to the development of sustainable green fuel generation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Nganda
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Energy Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Bhawna Yadav Lamba
- Applied Science Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute for Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248007, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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Jaiswal S, Sharma YC. Ni modified distillation waste derived heterogeneous catalyst utilized for the production of glycerol carbonate from a biodiesel by-product glycerol: Optimization and green metric studies. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 156:148-158. [PMID: 36463670 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel prices could be made competitive with petrol-diesel prices by valorizing its by-product glycerol. Glycerol carbonate can be derived from glycerol and is one of the widely needed chemical having high price and its extensive application in different industrial purposes. Glycerol carbonate can be synthesized via many routes; among them catalytic route gives promising activity and selectivity towards glycerol carbonate. For the first time, Ni modified distillation waste (CaO) derived heterogeneous catalyst Ni/CaO (NDW) was synthesized and utilized for the conversion of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC). The catalyst's physicochemical properties were studied by performing TGA-DSC, XRD, FT-IR, SEM- EDAX, HRTEM, and basicity through Hammet indicator. Through NDW, solvent-free synthesis of glycerol carbonate was achieved using glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as reactants upon conventional heating (90 °C). The validation of the synthesized product was performed through proton and carbon NMR analysis. In addition to this, HR-MS was performed to check the composition of the product formed. A plausible mechanism for the transesterification of glycerol (Gl) to glycerol carbonate (GC) was also designed. Higher conversion (99.2%) and selectivity (95%) towards glycerol carbonate (GC) were achieved at mild reaction conditions, viz., 1:3 M ratio of glycerol to DMC, reaction temperature 90 °C, reaction duration of 90 min with catalyst dose of 300 mg. The green metric parameters were also calculated to show that the overall process is sustainable and the environment benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India -221005; Department of Chemistry, NSN PG College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India -226001
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India -221005.
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de Paula GM, Eid JG, Cardoso D. Converting glycerol into glycerol carbonate by transesterification with different esters: reaction steps and coproducts. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mohamad Dzol MAA, Balasundram V, Shameli K, Ibrahim N, Manan ZA, Isha R. Catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over nickel-waste chicken eggshell/HZSM-5. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116392. [PMID: 36208512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the current work is to investigate the effect of nickel-waste chicken eggshell modified Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (Ni-WCE/HZSM-5) on pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 was synthesized via the impregnation incipient wetness (IWI) method with Ni and WCE mass loading of 4 and 12 wt% respectively. HZSM-5, CaO, WCE, WCE/HZSM-5, and Ni/HZSM-5 were prepared for comparison purposes with Ni-WCE/HZSM-5. All the synthesized catalysts were characterized for phase analysis, metal loading, surface morphology, and textural properties. The impregnation of nickel and WCE had significantly affected the original framework of HZSM-5, where the crystallinity percentage and average crystal size of HZSM-5 dropped to 44.97% and increased to 47.90 nm respectively. The surface morphology of HZSM-5 has drastically changed from a cubic-like shape into a spider web-like surface after the impregnation of WCE. The BET surface area of HZSM-5 has been lowered due to the impregnation of nickel and WCE, but the total pore volume has increased greatly from 0.2291 cm3/g to 0.2621 cm3/g. The catalyst performance was investigated in the pyrolysis of HDPE via a fixed bed reactor and the pyrolysis oil was further analysed to evaluate the distribution of C6 to C9> hydrocarbons. Among the tested catalytic samples, the highest pyrolysis oil yield was achieved by WCE (80%) followed by CaO (78%), WCE/HZSM-5 (63%), HZSM-5 (61%), Ni/HZSM-5 (44%) and Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (50%). For hydrocarbon distribution in pyrolysis oil, the Ni/HZSM-5 produced the highest of total C6 and C7 hydrocarbons at 12% and 27% respectively followed by WCE/HZSM-5 (4% and 20%), non-catalytic (5% and 13%), Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (0% and 15%), WCE (0% and 10%), HZSM-5 (0% and 6%) and CaO (0% and 0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A A Mohamad Dzol
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V Balasundram
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - K Shameli
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Ibrahim
- Energy Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Z A Manan
- Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECTS), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R Isha
- College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Abdul Aziz H, Yusoff R, Cheng NG, Idris Z, Ramli NAS. Production of N‐methyldiethanolamine di‐ester via heterogeneous transesterification of palm methyl ester over modified calcium oxide catalyst by metal oxides. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haliza Abdul Aziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rozita Yusoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ngoh Gek Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Zainab Idris
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kajang Selangor Malaysia
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Facile synthesis of chitosan-grafted polyacrylic acid-doped CaO nanoparticle for catalytic and antimicrobial potential. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Liu Y, Liu MY, Qi YX, Jin XY, Xu HR, Chen YX, Chen SP, Su HP. Synthesis and properties of wax based on waste cooking oil. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3365-3371. [PMID: 35425352 PMCID: PMC8979279 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a cost-effective wax was synthesized from waste cooking oil (WCO), and its properties including melting point, color, hardness, combustion performance and micro-morphology were tested and analyzed. The obtained results showed that the epoxy waste cooking oil had lighter color, higher melting point and hardness than that of original WCO, which could be used as wax. Moreover, introducing stearic acid further improved the performances of WCO-based wax. The WCO-based wax made of epoxy waste cooking oil and stearic acid (containing ≥50 wt% stearic acid) displayed a relatively high melting point (≥46 °C), light color (Lovibond color code Y ≤ 16.1, R ≤ 2.3), good hardness (needle penetration index ≤2.95 mm) and long combustion time (≥227 min), and could achieve the required national standard and be used as a substitute for the commercially available soybean wax. Together with many additional benefits such as low synthesis cost, mild reaction conditions, convenient synthesis route, and no secondary pollution, producing wax based on WCO could provide a new path for WCO recycling in economically trailing regions. Low-cost wax based on waste cooking oil (WCO) was synthesized and could be a substitute for commercial soybean wax.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - Meng-Yu Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - Ying-Xi Qi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - Xin-Yan Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - Han-Rui Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - Shuo-Ping Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology China
| | - He-Ping Su
- College of Science, Guilin University of Technology China
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Pranyoto N, Dewi Susanti Y, Joseph Ondang I, Angkawijaya AE, Edi Soetaredjo F, Santoso SP, Yuliana M, Ismadji S, Budi Hartono S. Facile Synthesis of Silane-Modified Mixed Metal Oxide as Catalyst in Transesterification Processes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:245. [PMID: 35055261 PMCID: PMC8778014 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fast depletion of fossil fuels has attracted researchers worldwide to explore alternative biofuels, such as biodiesel. In general, the production of biodiesel is carried out via transesterification processes of vegetable oil with the presence of a suitable catalyst. A mixed metal oxide has shown to be a very attractive heterogeneous catalyst with a high performance. Most of the mixed metal oxide is made by using the general wetness impregnation method. A simple route to synthesize silane-modified mixed metal oxide (CaO-CuO/C6) catalysts has been successfully developed. A fluorocarbon surfactant and triblock copolymers (EO)106(PO)70(EO)106 were used to prevent the crystal agglomeration of carbonate salts (CaCO3-CuCO3) as the precursor to form CaO-CuO with a definite size and morphology. The materials show high potency as a catalyst in the transesterification process to produce biodiesel. The calcined co-precipitation product has a high crystallinity form, as confirmed by the XRD analysis. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The mechanism of surface modification and the effects of the catalytic activity were also discussed. The biodiesel purity of the final product was analyzed by gas chromatography. The optimum biodiesel yield was 90.17% using the modified mixed metal oxide CaO-CuO/C6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nugroho Pranyoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Yuni Dewi Susanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Immanuel Joseph Ondang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Artik Elisa Angkawijaya
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 1067, Taiwan;
| | - Felycia Edi Soetaredjo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Maria Yuliana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Suryadi Ismadji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Sandy Budi Hartono
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; (N.P.); (Y.D.S.); (I.J.O.); (F.E.S.); (S.P.S.); (M.Y.); (S.I.)
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