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Báti G, Csókás D, Stuparu MC. Mechanochemical Scholl Reaction on Phenylated Cyclopentadiene Core: One-Step Synthesis of Fluoreno[5]helicenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302971. [PMID: 37870299 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore feasibility of the mechanochemical approach in the synthesis of tetrabenzofluorenes (fluoreno[5]helicenes). For this, commercially available phenylated cyclopentadiene precursors are subjected to the Scholl reaction in the solid state using FeCl3 as an oxidant and sodium chloride as the solid reaction medium. This ball milling process gave access to the 5-membered ring containing-helicenes in one synthetic step in high (95-96 %) isolated yields. The solution-phase reactions, however, were found to be moderate to low yielding in this regard (10-40 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihaiela C Stuparu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Reynes JF, Isoni V, García F. Tinkering with Mechanochemical Tools for Scale Up. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300819. [PMID: 37114517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry provides an environmentally benign platform to develop more sustainable chemical processes by limiting raw materials, energy use, and waste generation while using physically smaller equipment. A continuously growing research community has steadily showcased examples of beneficial mechanochemistry applications at both the laboratory and the preparative scale. In contrast to solution-based chemistry, mechanochemical processes have not yet been standardized, and thus scaling up is still a nascent discipline. The purpose of this Minireview is to highlight similarities, differences and challenges of the various approaches that have been successfully applied for a range of chemical applications at various scales. We hope to provide a discussion starting point for those interested in further developing mechanochemical processes for commercial use and/or industrialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valerio Isoni
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1, Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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3
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Synthesis of precisely functionalizable curved nanographenes via graphitization-induced regioselective chlorination in a mechanochemical Scholl Reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:803. [PMID: 36781875 PMCID: PMC9925806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While the synthesis of nanographenes has advanced greatly in the past few years, development of their atomically precise functionalization strategies remains rare. The ability to modify the carbon scaffold translates to controlling, adjusting, and adapting molecular properties. Towards this end, here, we show that mechanochemistry is capable of transforming graphitization precursors directly into chlorinated curved nanographenes through a Scholl reaction. The halogenation occurs in a regioselective, high-yielding, and general manner. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggest that graphitization activates specific edge-positions for chlorination. The chlorine atoms allow for precise chemical modification of the nanographenes through a Suzuki or a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The edge modification enables modulation of material properties. Among the molecules prepared, corannulene-coronene hybrids and laterally fully π-extended helicenes, heptabenzo[5]superhelicenes, are particularly noteworthy.
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4
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Baier DM, Rensch T, Bergheim K, Pietryga V, Grätz S, Borchardt L. The Mechanochemical Fries Rearrangement: Manipulating Isomer Ratios in the Synthesis of p-Hydroxyacetophenone at Different Scales. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203931. [PMID: 36683470 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the first mechanochemical Fries rearrangement for the industrially important synthesis of para-hydroxyacetophenone, inside a ball mill and a twin-screw extruder, is presented. Our approach leads to a yield of 62 % in as little as 90 minutes while liquid-assisted grinding can shift the isomer ratio resulting in an excess of the desired para-product. The multigram scale-up by extrusion leads to 61 % yield in only three minutes while completely avoiding solvents. The extrusion temperature can even further be reduced by combining extrusion with a subsequent ageing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Baier
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tilo Rensch
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konrad Bergheim
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria Pietryga
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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Wohlgemuth M, Mayer M, Rappen M, Schmidt F, Saure R, Grätz S, Borchardt L. From Inert to Catalytically Active Milling Media: Galvanostatic Coating for Direct Mechanocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212694. [PMID: 36098910 PMCID: PMC9828539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The inert milling balls, commonly utilized in mechanochemical reactions, were coated with a layer of Pd and utilized as catalyst in the direct mechanocatalytic Suzuki reaction. With high yields (>80 %), the milling balls can be recycled multiple times in the absence of any solvents, ligands, catalyst-molecules and -powders, while utilizing as little as 0.8 mg of Pd per coated milling ball. The coating sequence, the support material, and the layer thickness were examined towards archiving high catalyst retention, low abrasion and high conversion. The approach was transferred to the coating of milling vessels revealing the interplay between catalytically available surface area and the mechanical energy impact in direct mechanocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wohlgemuth
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Maike Mayer
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Marisol Rappen
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Roman Saure
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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Pickhardt W, Beaković C, Mayer M, Wohlgemuth M, Kraus FJL, Etter M, Grätz S, Borchardt L. The Direct Mechanocatalytic Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction of Small Organic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205003. [PMID: 35638133 PMCID: PMC9543434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction was conducted mechanochemically, without solvents, ligands, or catalyst powders. Utilizing one catalytically active palladium milling ball, products could be formed in quantitative yield in as little as 30 min. In contrast to previous reports, the adjustment of milling parameters led to the complete elimination of abrasion from the catalyst ball, thus enabling the first reported systematic catalyst analysis. XPS, in situ XRD, and reference experiments provided evidence that the milling ball surface was the location of the catalysis, allowing a mechanism to be proposed. The versatility of the approach was demonstrated by extending the substrate scope to deactivated and even sterically hindered aryl iodides and bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilm Pickhardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Claudio Beaković
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Maike Mayer
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Maximilian Wohlgemuth
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Fabien Joel Leon Kraus
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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7
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Pickhardt W, Beaković C, Mayer M, Wohlgemuth M, Leon Kraus FJ, Etter M, Grätz S, Borchardt L. The Direct Mechanocatalytic Suzuki‐Miyaura Reaction of Small Organic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilm Pickhardt
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Claudio Beaković
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Maike Mayer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | | | - Martin Etter
- DESY Accelerator Centre: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY GERMANY
| | - Sven Grätz
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Inorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum GERMANY
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