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Sun YL, Chang HF, Chiang PH, Lin MW, Lin CH, Kuo CM, Lin TC, Lin CS. Fabrication and application of glutathione biosensing SPCE strips with gold nanoparticle modification. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3808-3819. [PMID: 38274165 PMCID: PMC10809000 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant in organisms. An alteration in GSH concentration has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions. Therefore, GSH sensing has become a critical issue. In this study, a disposable strip used for tyrosinase-modified electrochemical testing was fabricated for the detection of GSH levels in vivo. The system is based on tyrosinase as a biorecognition element and a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as an amperometric transducer. On the tyrosinase-SPCE strips, the oxidation reaction from catechol to o-quinone was catalyzed by tyrosinase. The tyrosinase-SPCE strips were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of AuNPs of 25 nm diameter, the cathodic peak current of cyclic voltammetry (CV) was significantly enhanced by 5.2 fold. Under optimized conditions (250 μM catechol, 50 mM phosphate buffer, and pH 6.5), the linear response of the tyrosinase-SPCE strips ranged from 31.25 to 500 μM GSH, with a detection limit of approximately 35 μM (S/N > 3). The tyrosinase-SPCE strips have been used to detect real samples of plasma and tissue homogenates in a mouse experiment. The mice were orally administrated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 100 mg kg-1 once a day for 7 days; the plasma GSH significantly enhanced 2.8 fold as compared with saline-treated mice (1123 vs. 480 μM μg-1 protein). NAC administration also could alleviate the adverse effect of GSH reduction in the mice treated with doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Sun
- Aquatic Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University Taoyuan City 320 Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Lin
- Division of Pharmacy, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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2
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Zhang S, Wu SQY, Hum M, Perumal J, Tan EY, Lee ASG, Teng J, Dinish US, Olivo M. Complete characterization of RNA biomarker fingerprints using a multi-modal ATR-FTIR and SERS approach for label-free early breast cancer diagnosis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3599-3610. [PMID: 38264270 PMCID: PMC10804230 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05723b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a prevalent form of cancer worldwide, and the current standard screening method, mammography, often requires invasive biopsy procedures for further assessment. Recent research has explored microRNAs (miRNAs) in circulating blood as potential biomarkers for early breast cancer diagnosis. In this study, we employed a multi-modal spectroscopy approach, combining attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to comprehensively characterize the full-spectrum fingerprints of RNA biomarkers in the blood serum of breast cancer patients. The sensitivity of conventional FTIR and Raman spectroscopy was enhanced by ATR-FTIR and SERS through the utilization of a diamond ATR crystal and silver-coated silicon nanopillars, respectively. Moreover, a wider measurement wavelength range was achieved with the multi-modal approach than with a single spectroscopic method alone. We have shown the results on 91 clinical samples, which comprised 44 malignant and 47 benign cases. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the ATR-FTIR, SERS, and multi-modal data. From the peak analysis, we gained insights into biomolecular absorption and scattering-related features, which aid in the differentiation of malignant and benign samples. Applying 32 machine learning algorithms to the PCA results, we identified key molecular fingerprints and demonstrated that the multi-modal approach outperforms individual techniques, achieving higher average validation accuracy (95.1%), blind test accuracy (91.6%), specificity (94.7%), sensitivity (95.5%), and F-score (94.8%). The support vector machine (SVM) model showed the best area under the curve (AUC) characterization value of 0.9979, indicating excellent performance. These findings highlight the potential of the multi-modal spectroscopy approach as an accurate, reliable, and rapid method for distinguishing between malignant and benign breast tumors in women. Such a label-free approach holds promise for improving early breast cancer diagnosis and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - Steve Qing Yang Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - Melissa Hum
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) 30 Hospital Boulevard Singapore 168583 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jayakumar Perumal
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ern Yu Tan
- Breast & Endocrine Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH) 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng Singapore 308433 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ann Siew Gek Lee
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) 30 Hospital Boulevard Singapore 168583 Republic of Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore 169857 Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore 117593 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - U S Dinish
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
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3
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Huang Q, Gong H, Wang G, Hu W, Wang W, Pan S, Xu J, Liu G, Tian Z. Positively Charged Silver and Gold Nanoparticles with Controllable Size Distribution for SERS Detection of Negatively Charged Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1305-1315. [PMID: 38164750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been demonstrated as an ultrasensitive tool for various molecules. However, for the negatively charged molecules, the widely used SERS substrate [negatively charged Ag and Au nanoparticles (Ag or Au NPs (-)] showed either low sensitivity or poor stability. The best solution is to synthesize positively charged silver or gold nanoparticles [Ag or Au NPs (+)] with high stability and excellent SERS performance, which are currently unavailable. To this end, we revitalized the strategy of "charge reversal and seed growth". By selection of ascorbic acid as the reductant and surfactant, the surface charge of Ag or Au NP (-) seeds is adjusted to a balanced state, where the surface charge is negative enough to satisfy the stabilization of the NPs (-) but does not hinder the subsequent charge reversal. By optimization of the chain length and electric charge of polyamine molecules, the highly stable and size-controllable uniform Ag NPs (+) and Au NPs (+) were seed-growth synthesized with high reproducibility. More importantly, the SERS performance of both Ag NPs (+) and Au NPs (+) achieved the trace detection of negatively charged molecules at the level of 1 μg/L, demonstrating an improved SERS sensitivity of up to 3 orders of magnitude compared to the previously reported sensitivity. Promisingly, the introduction of polyamine-capped Ag NPs (+) and Au NPs (+) as SERS substrates with high stability (1 year shelf life) will significantly broaden the application of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weiye Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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4
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Xue Y, Ma X, Feng X, Roberts S, Zhu G, Huang Y, Fan X, Fan J, Chen X. Temperature-Derived Purification of Gold Nano-Bipyramids for Colorimetric Detection of Tannic Acid. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:11572-11580. [PMID: 37469507 PMCID: PMC10353004 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostructures have attracted broad attention. Among various nanostructures, gold nanobipyramids have shown great potential in sensing, biomedicine, environmental protection, chemical catalysis, and optics due to their unique physical and optical properties and ease of chemical functionalization. Compared with other plasmonic nanostructures, gold nanobipyramids possess narrow optical resonances, stronger plasmonic local field enhancement, and size- and shape-dependent surface plasmon resonance. However, the synthesis and purification of homogeneous gold nanobipyramids are very challenging. The gold nanobipyramids synthesized via the commonly used seed-mediated growth method have low yields and are often coproduced with spherical nanoparticles. In this study, we reported a temperature-derived purification method for the isolation of gold bipyramids. In the presence of salt, by altering the temperature of the solution, large gold bipyramids can be separated from small spherical nanoparticles. As a result, a yield of as high as 97% gold nanobipyramids can be achieved through a single round of purification, and correspondingly, the ratio between the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and transverse SPR intensity significantly increases to as high as 6.7. The purified gold nanobipyramids can be used as a colorimetric probe in the detection of tannic acid with a detection limit of 0.86 μM and a linear detection range from 1.25 to 37.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xue
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Xinyao Ma
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, 00000 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Sam Roberts
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, 00000 Kowloon Tong, Hong
Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Materials Processing, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Xianfeng Fan
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Materials Processing, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Jun Fan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, 00000 Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School
of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K.
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5
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Huang SY, Gao WN, Chou CM, Hsiao VKS. Porous silicon decorated with Au/TiO 2 nanocomposites for efficient photoinduced enhanced Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15634-15639. [PMID: 37228681 PMCID: PMC10204733 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02598e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential of porous silicon (PSi) modified with Au/TiO2 nanocomposites (NCPs) as a substrate for photoinduced enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PIERS). One-step pulsed laser-induced photolysis (PLIP) was used to embed Au/TiO2 NCPs in the surface of PSi. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that adding TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) during PLIP led to the formation of predominantly spherical Au NPs with a diameter of approximately 20 nm. Furthermore, modifying the PSi substrate with Au/TiO2 NCPs considerably enhanced the Raman signal of rhodamine 6G (R6G) after 4 h of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Real-time monitoring of the Raman signals of R6G at different concentrations under UV irradiation revealed that the amplitude of the signals increased with the irradiation time for R6G concentrations ranging from 10-3 M to 10-5 M. PSi substrates decorated with Au/TiO2 NCPs may be used to develop materials for PIERS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Huang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung 407219 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Gao
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University Nantou 54561 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Man Chou
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung 407219 Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei 112304 Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402202 Taiwan
| | - Vincent K S Hsiao
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University Nantou 54561 Taiwan
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6
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Kitaw SL, Birhan YS, Tsai HC. Plasmonic surface-enhanced Raman scattering nano-substrates for detection of anionic environmental contaminants: Current progress and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115247. [PMID: 36640935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique of vibrational spectroscopy based on the inelastic scattering of incident photons by molecular species. It has unique properties such as ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, non-destructivity, speed, and fingerprinting properties for analytical and sensing applications. This enables SERS to be widely used in real-world sample analysis and basic plasmonic mechanistic studies. However, the desirable properties of SERS are compromised by the high cost and low reproducibility of the signals. The development of multifunctional, stable and reusable nano-engineered SERS substrates is a viable solution to circumvent these drawbacks. Recently, plasmonic SERS active nano-substrates with various morphologies have attracted the attention of researchers due to promising properties such as the formation of dense hot spots, additional stability, tunable and controlled morphology, and surface functionalization. This comprehensive review focused on the current advances in the field of SERS active nanosubstrates suitable for the detection and quantification of anionic environmental pollutants. The common fabrication methods, including the techniques for morphological adjustments and surface modification, substrate categories, and the design of nanotechnologically fabricated plasmonic SERS substrates for anion detection are systematically presented. Here, the need for the design, synthesis, and functionalization of SERS nano-substrates for anions of great environmental importance is explained in detail. In addition, the broad categories of SERS nano-substrates, namely colloid-based SERS substrates and solid-support SERS substrates are discussed. Moreover, a brief discussion of SERS detection of certain anionic pollutants in the environment is presented. Finally, the prospects in the fabrication and commercialization of pilot-scale handheld SERS sensors and the construction of smart nanosubstrates integrated with novel amplifying materials for the detection of anions of environmental and health concern are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Leshe Kitaw
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan, ROC.
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Rathod J, Byram C, Kanaka RK, Sree Satya Bharati M, Banerjee D, Akkanaboina M, Soma VR. Hybrid Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates for the Trace Detection of Ammonium Nitrate, Thiram, and Nile Blue. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15969-15981. [PMID: 35571848 PMCID: PMC9096967 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication and performance evaluation of hybrid surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates involving laser ablation and chemical routes for the trace-level detection of various analyte molecules. Initially, picosecond laser ablation experiments under ambient conditions were performed on pure silver (Ag) and gold (Au) substrates to achieve distinct nanosized features on the surface. The properties of the generated surface features on laser-processed portions of Ag/Au targets were systematically analyzed using UV-visible reflection and field emission scanning electron microscopy studies. Later, hybrid-SERS substrates were achieved by grafting the chemically synthesized Au nanostars on the plain and laser-processed plasmonic targets. Subsequently, we employed these as SERS platforms for the detection of a pesticide (thiram), a molecule used in explosive compositions [ammonium nitrate (AN)], and a dye molecule [Nile blue (NB)]. A comparative SERS study between the Au nanostar-decorated bare glass, silicon, Ag, Au, and laser-processed Ag and Au targets has been established. Our studies and the obtained data have unambiguously determined that laser-processed Ag structures have demonstrated reasonably good enhancements in the Raman signal intensities for distinct analytes among other substrates. Importantly, the fabricated hybrid SERS substrate of "Au nanostar-decorated laser-processed Ag" exhibited up to eight times enhancement in the SERS intensity compared to laser-processed Ag (without nanostars), as well as up to three times enhancement than the Au nanostar-loaded plain Ag substrates. Additionally, the achieved detection limits from the Au nanostar-decorated laser-processed Ag SERS substrate were ∼50 pM, ∼5 nM, and ∼5 μM for NB, thiram, and AN, respectively. The estimated enhancement factors accomplished from the Au nanostar-decorated laser-processed Ag substrate were ∼106, ∼106, and ∼104 for NB, thiram, and AN, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Rathod
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Chandu Byram
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Kanaka
- School
of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Moram Sree Satya Bharati
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | | | - Venugopal Rao Soma
- Advanced
Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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