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Jeyaseelan A, Viswanathan N, Altaf M. Facile fabrication of graphene oxide and rare earth based metal organic frameworks decorated alginate and chitosan biopolymeric hybrid materials for defluoridation studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133947. [PMID: 39025189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Fluorosis disease can be prevented by the defluoridated water. Hence, the present work focused on the fabrication of hybrid materials using graphene oxide (GO) and Ce-based metal organic frameworks namely cerium fumarate (Ce-Fu) which gives GO/Ce-Fu for defluoridation of water. Further, the powdered GO/Ce-Fu was dispersed with alginate (Alg) and chitosan (CS) biopolymeric matrixes to give GO/Ce-Fu/Alg-CS biopolymeric hybrid beads for defluoridation investigations. The developed GO/Ce-Fu and GO/Ce-Fu/Alg-CS beads have defluoridation capacities (DCs) of 4.410 and 4.753 mg/g within 30 min. The fabricated GO/Ce-Fu and GO/Ce-Fu/Alg-CS beads were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM and EDAX studies. The performance of fluoride adsorption influencing parameters such as dosage, contact time, solution pH, interfering anions and temperature studies were optimized with batch scale. Thermodynamic, adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies were carried out using hybrid materials to find the nature and order of fluoride adsorption. The fluoride adsorption mechanism of GO/Ce-Fu and GO/Ce-Fu/Alg-CS beads was investigated. The performance of recyclability of the hybrid materials was examined. In addition, the field studies of hybrid materials were also explored to identify their field suitability nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonysamy Jeyaseelan
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, University College of Engineering - Dindigul, Reddiyarchatram, Dindigul 624 622, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Natrayasamy Viswanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, University College of Engineering - Dindigul, Reddiyarchatram, Dindigul 624 622, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Mohammad Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Zhang M. Enhanced fluoride removal using montmorillonite clay modified with CoFe 2O 4 and metal-organic frameworks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119389. [PMID: 38879110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of modified clays can play an effective role as an effective adsorbent in removing fluoride (Flu) ions from water and aqueous solutions. In the present research, montmorillonite clay (MMt) was modified using CoFe2O4 magnetic particles and Al-Fe fumarate metal-organic framework (Al-Fe Fum) and was utilized as an efficient adsorbent for removing Flu from aqueous solution. The properties of MMt and MMt/CoFe2O4/Al-Fe Fum samples were investigated using different techniques. The results showed that with the modification of MMt using CoFe2O4 magnetic particles and the metal-organic framework of Al-Fe Fum, the BET surface has increased notably from 13.217 to 365.80 m2/g. To investigate the effect of independent variables and their interaction on the efficiency of the Flu adsorption, response surface method-central compound design (RSM-CCD) was served. Based on the results of ANOVA, the F-value and p-value parameters for the desired model were determined to be 783.09 and < 0.0001, respectively, which confirms the success and high ability of the model. The number of R2, adjusted R2, and Predicted R2 for adsorption of Flu ion was determined to be 0.998, 0.997, and 0.995, respectively, which shows that the proposed regression model can describe the process of adsorption and interaction between variables well. Compared to other kinetic models, the pseudo 2nd order kinetic model has a greater ability to describe the Flu adsorption behavior. The R2 parameter value determined that the Freundlich isotherm model has a suitable ability to investigate the isotherm behavior and confirms the effect of heterogeneous surfaces in the process. Generally, the outcomes signified that the MMt and MMt/CoFe2O4/Al-Fe Fum samples can be reused several times in the process of Flu adsorption, while the efficiency is more than 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, 401120, China.
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3
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Cruz-Briano SA, Medellin-Castillo NA, Delgado-Sanchez P, Castro-Larragoitia GJ, Leyva-Ramos R, Cortina-Rangel MA, Labrada-Delgado GJ, Villela-Martinez DE, Flores-Rojas AI, Gonzalez-Fernandez LA, Cisneros-Ontiveros HG. Binary fluoride and As(V) adsorption in water using pleco fish bone chars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40156-40173. [PMID: 37556064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work studied individual and binary adsorption of fluorides and As(V) in water on pleco fish bone chars (BC), as well as the effect of BC mass variation on the adsorption capacity of fluoride and As(V) in water for human consumption. The results of individual adsorption indicated that the adsorption of fluoride and As(V) on BC depends on solution pH. The adsorption capacity of fluorides at an initial concentration of 30 mg L-1 increases approximately 3 times, from 5.9 to 15.3 mg g-1, when decreasing the pH of the solution from 9 to 5, however, for the case of As(V) an antagonistic effect is observed, the adsorption capacity increases 7 times when raising the pH from 5 to 9, from 18.4 to 132.1 µg g-1 at an initial As(V) concentration of 300 µg L-1. Besides, in the binary adsorption, BC showed a higher affinity to adsorb fluoride since its adsorption capacity decreased from 16.55 to 12.50 mg g-1 as the As(V) concentration increased from 0 to 800 µg L-1 in solution. In contrast, As(V) adsorption was severely affected, decreasing from 140.2 to 32.7 µg g-1 when the fluoride concentration in the solution increased from 0 to 100 mg L-1. On the other hand, in the adsorption of groundwater contaminated with fluoride and As(V), it was determined that increasing the mass of BC from 0.5 to 20 g increases the removal percentage, reaching 99.3 and 75.7% removal for fluoride and As(V), respectively, due to the fact that increasing the mass of the adsorbent leads to a larger area and a greater number of sites that allow the adsorption of these contaminants. The thermodynamic study revealed the spontaneity of fluoride and As(V) adsorption, better affinity for fluoride but higher adsorption rate of As(V) on BC. Characterization techniques such as XRD and EDS allowed identifying hydroxyapatite as the mineral phase of BC, which is responsible for the adsorption of BC. By studying the effect of solution pH on the adsorption capacities and the characterization of BC such as XRD, EDS and TGA, it was determined that the mechanisms of fluoride adsorption are by electrostatic attractions and ion exchange, and for As(V) it is by coprecipitation and ion exchange. It was concluded that BC from pleco fish could be an alternative for treating water contaminated by fluorides and As(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Cruz-Briano
- Environmental Agenda, Multidisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 201, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Nahum A Medellin-Castillo
- Environmental Agenda, Multidisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 201, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
- Postgraduate Study and Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Zona Universitaria, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 8, 78290, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
| | - Pablo Delgado-Sanchez
- Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis - Matehuala Palma de La Cruz, Soledad de Graciano Sanchez, Km. 14.5 Carr, 78321, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Guillermo J Castro-Larragoitia
- Environmental Agenda, Multidisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 201, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Roberto Leyva-Ramos
- Postgraduate Study and Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Cortina-Rangel
- Geochemistry Laboratory, Geology Institute, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 5, Zona Universitaria, 78240, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Gladis J Labrada-Delgado
- LINAN-IPICYT, Cam. a La Presa de San José No. 2055, Lomas 4Ta Secc, 78216, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Diana E Villela-Martinez
- Postgraduate Study and Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Alfredo I Flores-Rojas
- Postgraduate Study and Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Zona Universitaria, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 8, 78290, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Lázaro A Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Environmental Agenda, Multidisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 201, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Hilda G Cisneros-Ontiveros
- Environmental Agenda, Multidisciplinary Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of San Luis Potosi, Av. Dr. M Nava No. 201, Zona Universitaria, 78210, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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Zhou X, Li B, Zhao Q. Effective removal and adsorption mechanism of fluoride from water by biochar-based Ce(III)-La(III)-crosslinked sodium alginate hybrid hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132925. [PMID: 38844281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
An eco-friendly macroparticle biochar (BC)-based Ce(III)-La(III) crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) hybrid hydrogel (BC/Ce-SA-La) was synthesized by droplet polymerization and characterized by SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis and XPS. The effects of dosage, pH, contact time, temperature and coexisting ions on the F- ions removal by hybrid hydrogel, and the adsorption performance, interaction mechanism and reusability were investigated. The results demonstrate that the composite has a fancy wrinkle structure with a particle size of about 1.8 mm and abundant porosity on the surface. The removal rate of F- ions by BC/Ce-SA-La reached 90.2 % under the conditions of pH 2.0, 200 min of contact time and 298 K. The adsorption behavior was perfectly explained by Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 129 mg/g. The adsorption process was an endothermic spontaneous reaction and followed Pseudo-second-order rate model. The strong adsorption was attributed to multi-interactions including complexation, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic adsorption between the composite and F- ions. Coexisting ions hardly interfered with the adsorption of F- ions by BC/Ce-SA-La except for a slight effect of phosphate. The composite after F- ion adsorption was easily separated and could be reused at least three times. BC/Ce-SA-La is a cost-effective and promising granular biosorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhou
- Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Hohhot 010022, China
| | - Beigang Li
- Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Hohhot 010022, China.
| | - Qiange Zhao
- Chemistry & Environment Science College, Inner Mongolia Normal University, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Hohhot 010022, China
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Das K, Sukul U, Chen JS, Sharma RK, Banerjee P, Dey G, Taharia M, Wijaya CJ, Lee CI, Wang SL, Nuong NHK, Chen CY. Transformative and sustainable insights of agricultural waste-based adsorbents for water defluoridation: Biosorption dynamics, economic viability, and spent adsorbent management. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29747. [PMID: 38681598 PMCID: PMC11046213 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
With the progression of civilization, the harmony within nature has been disrupted, giving rise to various ecocidal activities that are evident in every spheres of the earth. These activities have had a profound and far-reaching impact on global health. One significant example of this is the presence of fluoride in groundwater exceeding acceptable limits, resulting in the widespread occurrence of "Fluorosis" worldwide. It is imperative to mitigate the concentration of fluoride in drinking water to meet safety standards. While various defluoridation techniques exist, they often have drawbacks. Biosorption, being a simple, affordable and eco-friendly method, has gained preference for defluoridation. However, its limited commercialization underscores the pressing need for further research in this domain. This comprehensive review article offers a thorough examination of the defluoridation potential of agro-based adsorbents, encompassing their specific chemical compositions and preparation methods. The review presents an in-depth discussion of the factors influencing fluoride biosorption and conducts a detailed exploration of adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetic models to gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the adsorption process. Furthermore, it evaluates the commercial viability through an assessment of regeneration potential and a cost analysis of these agro-adsorbents, with the aim of facilitating the scalability of the defluoridation process. The elucidation of the adsorption mechanism and recommendations for overcoming challenges in large-scale implementation offer a comprehensive outlook on this eco-friendly and sustainable approach to fluoride removal. In summary, this review article equips readers with a lucid understanding of agro-adsorbents, elucidates their ideal conditions for improved performance, offers a more profound insight into the fluoride biosorption mechanism, and introduces the concept of effective spent adsorbent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyeli Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Uttara Sukul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Raju Kumar Sharma
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Pritam Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Gobinda Dey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Md. Taharia
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Christian J. Wijaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surbaya, 60114, Indonesia
- Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia
| | - Cheng-I Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society, AIM-HI, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Li Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Hoang Kim Nuong
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yen Chen
- Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society, AIM-HI, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan
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Bakhta S, Sadaoui Z, Bouazizi N, Samir B, Cosme J, Allalou O, Le Derf F, Vieillard J. Successful removal of fluoride from aqueous environment using Al(OH) 3@AC: column studies and breakthrough curve modeling. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1-14. [PMID: 38173592 PMCID: PMC10758771 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we discuss the removal of fluoride from water through column adsorption methods using Al(OH)3@AC as a functional granular activated carbon. The height of the bed, fluoride concentration, and flow rate are the experimental factors used to obtain the breakthrough curves. As the flow rate increased, the breakthrough and saturation times decreased. The analysis of simplified column models, such as the Adams-Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon-Nelson models, revealed that the Clark model best described the adsorption process when fitting the experimental data. The obtained breakthrough curves agreed with the corresponding experimental data. The highest capacity for adsorption obtained during the column procedure was found to be 41.84 mg g-1 with a bed height of 3 cm, an initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg L-1 and a flow rate of 7.5 mL min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bakhta
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Processes Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Houari-Boumediene BP No. 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 27000 Evreux France
| | - Z Sadaoui
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Processes Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Houari-Boumediene BP No. 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - N Bouazizi
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 27000 Evreux France
| | - B Samir
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 27000 Evreux France
| | - J Cosme
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 27000 Evreux France
| | - O Allalou
- Laboratory of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Processes Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Houari-Boumediene BP No. 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - F Le Derf
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 27000 Evreux France
| | - J Vieillard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 27000 Evreux France
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Zhou M, Yang H, Wang Z, Ren J, Wang R, He Y. Construction of HAnW-based nanotwigs for removing inorganic fluorion in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32641-32654. [PMID: 36469270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution with fluoride compounds was currently being paid more and more attention as it threatens the safety of animal and human life in an ecosystem. In this study, an eco-friendly adsorbing material for removing fluoride ion (F-) was prepared by hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAnWs), a typical biocompatible inorganic conjugates. UiO66, a typical zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), was conjugated onto HAnW by a simple in situ hydrothermal reaction, which afforded a novel HAnW-based nanotwigs of conjugates like millet (UiO66@HAnWs). Being characterized by SEM, EDS, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, and TGA, the obtained UiO66@HAnWs were applied to removing F- in wastewater, and its adsorption capacity was optimized. It was found that UiO66@HAnWs had a bigger specific surface area (115.310 m2/g), and its efficiency for removing F- got to 99.3%, which was greatly improved than that of related materials. It was considered that the adsorption of F- on UiO66@HAnWs was mainly multi-molecular layer adsorption, which fluoride ions aggregate on the Zr(IV) active sites to attain ligand switching, and the nanoconjugated structure like nanotwigs of millet greatly improved its adsorption capacity. In summary, a novel eco-friendly UiO66@HAnWs with nanoconjugated structure could be constructed by simple hydrothermal method, which the agglomeration defects of MOFs were not only ameliorated, but also its adsorption capacity was greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhou
- Key Lab, Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Key Lab, Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Key Lab, Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiarui Ren
- Key Lab, Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Rongmin Wang
- Insti tute of Polymer, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Key Lab, Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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