1
|
Templ J, Schnürch M. Strategies for Using Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Alternative Reagents in Alkylations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400675. [PMID: 38587031 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Alkylation reactions are pivotal in organic chemistry, with wide-ranging utilization across various fields of applied synthetic chemistry. However, conventional reagents employed in alkylations often pose substantial health and exposure risks. Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) present a promising alternative for these transformations offering significantly reduced hazards as they are non-cancerogenic, non-mutagenic, non-flammable, and non-corrosive. Despite their potential, their use in direct organic transformations remains relatively unexplored. This review outlines strategies for utilizing QAS as alternative reagents in alkylation reactions, providing researchers with safer approaches to chemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Wien, AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Schnürch
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Wien, AUSTRIA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu M, Jiang D, Fu Y, Zheng Chen G, Bi S, Ding X, He J, Han BH, Xu Q, Zeng G. Modulating Skeletons of Covalent Organic Framework for High-Efficiency Gold Recovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317015. [PMID: 37983587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable attention as adsorbents for capturing and separating gold from electronic wastes. To enhance the binding capture efficiency, constructing hydrogen-bond nanotraps along the pore walls was one of the most widely adopted approaches. However, the development of absorbing skeletons was ignored due to the weak binding ability of the gold salts (Au). Herein, we demonstrated skeleton engineering to construct highly efficiently absorbs for Au capture. The strong electronic donating feature of diarylamine units enhanced the electronic density of binding sites (imine-linkage) and thus resulted in high capacities over 1750 mg g-1 for all three COFs. Moreover, the absorbing performance was further improved via the ionization of diarylamine units. The ionic COF achieved 90 % of the maximal adsorption capacity, 1.63 times of that from the charge-neutral COF within ten minutes, and showed remarkable uptakes of 1834 mg g-1 , exceptional selectivity (97.45 %) and cycling stability. The theoretical calculation revealed the binding sites altering from imine bonds to ionic amine sites after ionization of the frameworks, which enabled to bind the AuCl4 - via coulomb force and contributed to enhanced absorbing kinetics. This work inspires us to design molecular/ionic capture based on COFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315199, P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Shuai Bi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xuesong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315199, P. R. China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacon of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Bao-Hang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hogg A, Wheatley M, Domingo-Legarda P, Carral-Menoyo A, Cottam N, Larrosa I. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Monoselective C-H Methylation and d 3-Methylation of Arenes. JACS AU 2022; 2:2529-2538. [PMID: 36465534 PMCID: PMC9709947 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective installation of C-Me bonds remains a powerful and sought-after tool to alter the chemical and pharmacological properties of a molecule. Direct C-H functionalization provides an attractive means of achieving this transformation. Such protocols, however, typically utilize harsh conditions and hazardous methylating agents with poor applicability toward late-stage functionalization. Furthermore, highly monoselective methylation protocols remain scarce. Herein, we report an efficient monoselective, directed ortho-methylation of arenes using N,N,N-trimethylanilinium salts as noncarcinogenic, bench-stable methylating agents. We extend this protocol to d 3-methylation in addition to the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically active compounds. Detailed kinetic studies indicate the rate-limiting in situ formation of MeI is integral to the observed reactivity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan M, Qian BC, Chen Y, Luo GZ, Shen GB. Theoretical Study for Evaluating and Discovering Organic Hydride Compounds as Potential Novel Methylation Reagents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36579-36589. [PMID: 36278082 PMCID: PMC9583324 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methylation reaction is a fundamental chemical reaction that plays an important role in the modification of drug molecules, DNA, as well as proteins. This work focuses on seeking potential novel methylation reagents through a systematic investigation of the thermodynamics and reactivity of methyl-substituted organic hydride radical cations (XH•+s). In this work, 45 classical and important XH•+s were designed to investigate the relationship between their structure and reactivity, to find excellent or potential methylation reagents. The Gibbs free energy and activation free energy of XH•+ to release the methyl radical in MeCN at 298.15 and 355 K are calculated with the density functional theory (DFT) method to quantitatively measure the reactivity of XH•+ as a methylation reagent in this work. The relationships between structures and reactivities on XH•+s as methylation reagents are well examined. Since we have calculated the Gibbs free energy and activation free energy of trifluoromethyl-substituted organic hydride compound radical cations (X'H•+) releasing trifluoromethyl radicals in MeCN with the DFT method in our previous work, accordingly, the relationship of thermodynamics and reactivity between X'H•+ releasing trifluoromethyl radical and XH•+ releasing methyl radical is discussed in detail. Excitingly, 4 XH•+s (1H•+, 3H•+∼4H•+, and 44H•+) are found to be excellent methyl radical reagents, while 9 XH•+s (5H•+, 6H•+, 9H•+, 10H•+, 12H•+, 13H•+, 15H•+, 43H•+, and 45H•+) are found to be potential methyl radical reagents in chemical synthesis. The molecular library and reactivity database of novel methylation reagents could be established for synthetic chemists to query and use. Our work may offer a theoretical basis and reference experience for screening different substituted organic hydride compounds (YRHs) as alkylation reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maocai Yan
- School
of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong276800, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Chen Qian
- School
of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong272000, P. R. China
| | - Yanpu Chen
- School
of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong276800, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Ze Luo
- School
of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong272000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Bin Shen
- School
of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong272000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Annibaletto J, Jacob C, Theunissen C. Ammonium Salts as Convenient Radical Precursors Using Iridium Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:4170-4175. [PMID: 35667038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium salts are usually considered as highly challenging to reduce into the corresponding radicals because of the strength of their carbon-nitrogen bond. Here, we disclose that several ammonium salts can be readily activated using iridium photoredox catalysis to form radicals and illustrate the synthetic utility of this activation of strong C-N bonds with hydrodeamination reactions and radical couplings. Cyclic voltammetry was exploited to rationalize the reactivity observed for the activation of these ammonium salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Annibaletto
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang J, Takahashi K, Shoup TM, Gong L, Li Y, El Fakhri G, Zhang Z, Brownell AL. Organomediated Cleavage of Benzoyl Group Enables an Efficient Synthesis of 1- (6-Nitropyridin-2-yl)thiourea and its application for developing 18F-labeled PET Tracers. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
McLaughlin C, Bitai J, Barber LJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via the addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates to pyridinium salts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12001-12011. [PMID: 34667566 PMCID: PMC8457386 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regio- and stereoselective addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates - generated in situ from aryl esters and the isothiourea catalyst (R)-BTM - to pyridinium salts bearing an electron withdrawing substituent in the 3-position allows the synthesis of a range of enantioenriched 1,4-dihydropyridines. This represents the first organocatalytic approach to pyridine dearomatisation using pronucleophiles at the carboxylic acid oxidation level. Optimisation studies revealed a significant solvent dependency upon product enantioselectivity, with only toluene providing significant asymmetric induction. Using DABCO as a base also proved beneficial for product enantioselectivity, while investigations into the nature of the counterion showed that co-ordinating bromide or chloride substrates led to higher product er than the corresponding tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate. The scope and limitations of this process are developed, with enantioselective addition to 3-cyano- or 3-sulfonylpyridinium salts giving the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines (15 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 98 : 2 er).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Lydia J Barber
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21418-21425. [PMID: 34288312 PMCID: PMC8440429 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose that electrochemical stimulation induces new photocatalytic activity from a range of structurally diverse conventional photocatalysts. These studies uncover a new electron-primed photoredox catalyst capable of promoting the reductive cleavage of strong C(sp2 )-N and C(sp2 )-O bonds. We illustrate several examples of the synthetic utility of these deeply reducing but otherwise safe and mild catalytic conditions. Finally, we employ electrochemical current measurements to perform a reaction progress kinetic analysis. This technique reveals that the improved activity of this new system is a consequence of an enhanced catalyst stability profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| |
Collapse
|