1
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Pals MJ, Wijnberg L, Yildiz Ç, Velema WA. Catechol-Siderophore Mimics Convey Nucleic Acid Therapeutics into Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402405. [PMID: 38407513 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is a major threat for human health. There is a need for new antibacterials to stay ahead of constantly-evolving resistant bacteria. Nucleic acid therapeutics hold promise as powerful antibiotics, but issues with their delivery hamper their applicability. Here, we exploit the siderophore-mediated iron uptake pathway to efficiently transport antisense oligomers into bacteria. We appended a synthetic siderophore to antisense oligomers targeting the essential acpP gene in Escherichia coli. Siderophore-conjugated PNA and PMO antisense oligomers displayed potent antibacterial properties. Conjugates bearing a minimal siderophore consisting of a mono-catechol group showed equally effective. Targeting the lacZ transcript resulted in dose-dependent decreased β-galactosidase production, demonstrating selective protein downregulation. Applying this concept to Acinetobacter baumannii also showed concentration-dependent growth inhibition. Whole-genome sequencing of resistant mutants and competition experiments with the endogenous siderophore verified selective uptake through the siderophore-mediated iron uptake pathway. Lastly, no toxicity towards mammalian cells was found. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that large nucleic acid therapeutics can be efficiently transported into bacteria using synthetic siderophore mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs J Pals
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Wijnberg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Çağlar Yildiz
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Velema
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Guo C, Nolan EM. Exploring the Antibacterial Activity and Cellular Fates of Enterobactin-Drug Conjugates That Target Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1046-1056. [PMID: 38483177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are secondary metabolites utilized by bacteria to acquire iron (Fe), an essential transition metal nutrient. Fe levels in the host environment are tightly regulated and can be further restricted to starve invading bacterial pathogens in a host-defense process known as nutritional immunity. To survive and colonize the Fe-limited host environment, bacteria produce siderophores and express cognate siderophore transport machinery. These active transport pathways present an opportunity for selective and efficient drug delivery into bacterial cells, motivating decades of research on synthetic siderophore-antibiotic conjugates (SACs) as a Trojan-horse strategy for the development of targeted antibiotics.Enterobactin (Ent) is a triscatecholate siderophore produced and utilized by many Gram-negative bacteria, including all Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. Within these species, pathogenic strains cause a variety of human diseases including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and sepsis. Infections caused by these Gram-negative pathogens can be difficult to treat because of the impermeability of the outer membrane (OM). This impermeability can be overcome by utilizing siderophores as drug delivery vectors for targeting Gram-negative pathogens. Ent is a promising delivery vector because it undergoes active transport across the OM mediated by the Ent uptake machinery after scavenging Fe(III) from the extracellular environment. Despite the well-elucidated chemistry and biology of Ent, its use for SAC development was hampered by the lack of an appropriate functional group for cargo attachment. Our laboratory addressed this need by designing and synthesizing monofunctionalized Ent scaffolds. Over the past decade, we have used these scaffolds to explore Ent-based SACs with a variety of drug warheads, including β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and Pt(IV) prodrugs. Investigations of the antibacterial activities of these conjugates and their cellular fates have informed our design principles and revealed approaches to achieving enhanced antibacterial potency and pathogen-targeted activity. Collectively, our studies of Ent-drug conjugates have provided discoveries, understanding, and invaluable insights for future design and evaluation of SACs.In this Account, we present the story of our work on Ent-drug conjugates that began about ten years ago with the development of monofunctionalized Ent scaffolds and the design and synthesis of various conjugates based on these scaffolds. We describe the antibacterial activity profiles and uptake pathways of Ent-drug conjugates harboring traditional antibiotics and repurposed platinum anticancer agents as well as studies that address cellular targets and fates. Finally, we discuss other applications of monofunctionalized Ent scaffolds, including a siderophore-based immunization strategy. We intend for this Account to inspire further investigations into the fundamental understanding and translational applications of siderophores and siderophore-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Margeta R, Schelhaas S, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Niemann S, Faust A. A novel radiolabelled salmochelin derivative for bacteria-specific PET imaging: synthesis, radiolabelling and evaluation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3507-3510. [PMID: 38385843 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
For specific imaging of bacterial infections we aimed at targeting the exclusive bacterial iron transport system via siderophore-based radiotracers. De novo synthesis and radiolabeling yielded the salmochelin-based PET radiotracer [68Ga]Ga-RMA693, which showed a favourable biodistribution and a bacteria-specific uptake in an animal model of Escherichia coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Margeta
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faust
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
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4
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Kim DY, Yeom S, Park J, Lee H, Kim HJ. Cytoplasmic Delivery of an Antibiotic, Trimethoprim, with a Simple Bidentate Catechol Analog as a Siderophore Mimetic. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:554-566. [PMID: 36753707 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative pathogens are escalating, and accordingly siderophore-based intracellular antibiotic delivery is attracting more attention as an effective means to overcome these infections. Despite the successful clinical translation of this strategy, the delivery potential of siderophores has been limited to periplasm targeting, and this has appreciably restricted the repertoire of applicable antibiotics. To overcome this shortcoming of the current technology, this study focused on investigating the capability of simple bidentate catechol analogs to function as vehicles for cytoplasmic antibiotic delivery. Specifically, by employing trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase located in the cytoplasm, as a model antibiotic, a chemical library of chelator-antibiotic conjugates featuring four different catechol analogs was prepared. Then, their various pharmacological properties and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Analysis of these characterization data led to the identification of the active conjugates exhibiting notable iron- and trimethoprim-dependent potency against Escherichia coli. Further characterization of these hit molecules using E. coli mutant strains revealed that 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate could effectively deliver several corresponding conjugates to the cytoplasm by exploiting the siderophore uptake machineries present across the outer and inner membranes, originally designated for the native siderophore of E. coli, enterobactin. Considering the synthetic simplicity, such a catechol analog could have appreciable usage in potentiating cytoplasm-active antibiotics against recalcitrant Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGeonomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Yeom
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGeonomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGeonomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGeonomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGeonomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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5
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Jiao X, Huang W, Wang A, Wu B, Kang Q, Luo X, Bai L, Deng Z. Crystallographic Deciphering of Spontaneous Self-Assembly of Achiral Calciphores to Chiral Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203127. [PMID: 36408990 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiapyricins (TPC-A/B, 1 and 2), which are new metallophore scaffolds exhibiting selective divalent cation binding property, were produced in response to metal-deprived conditions by Saccharothrix sp. TRM_47004 isolated from the Lop Nor Salt Lake. TPCs represent a thiazolyl-pyridine skeleton of a calcium-binding natural product, calciphore, owing to the selectivity to calcium ions among diverse metal ions. The thiapyricins exhibited notable co-crystalline characteristics of the apo- and holo-forms with racemic enantiomers comprising a pair of space isomers in a Δ/Λ-form. Therefore, we postulated a mechanism for the four-hierarchical self-assembly of achiral natural products into chiral complexes. Furthermore, their metal-chelating trait aided the adaptation of the host during metal starvation by increasing the production of TPCs. This study presents a structural paradigm of a new calciphore, provides insight into the mechanism of natural product assembly, and highlights the causality between the production of the metallophore and metallic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of, Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research, Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, 843300, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of, Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research, Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Banghao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of, Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research, Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qianjin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of, Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research, Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Luo
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, 843300, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Linquan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of, Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research, Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China.,College of Life Science, Tarim University, 843300, Alar, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of, Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research, Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, P. R. China
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6
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Rohrbacher C, Zscherp R, Weck SC, Klahn P, Ducho C. Synthesis of an Antimicrobial Enterobactin-Muraymycin Conjugate for Improved Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202408. [PMID: 36222466 PMCID: PMC10107792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming increasing antibiotic resistance requires the development of novel antibacterial agents that address new targets in bacterial cells. Naturally occurring nucleoside antibiotics (such as muraymycins) inhibit the bacterial membrane protein MraY, a clinically unexploited essential enzyme in peptidoglycan (cell wall) biosynthesis. Even though a range of synthetic muraymycin analogues has already been reported, they generally suffer from limited cellular uptake and a lack of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. We herein report an approach to overcome these hurdles: a synthetic muraymycin analogue has been conjugated to a siderophore, i. e. the enterobactin derivative EntKL , to increase the cellular uptake into Gram-negative bacteria. The resultant conjugate showed significantly improved antibacterial activity against an efflux-deficient E. coli strain, thus providing a proof-of-concept of this novel approach and a starting point for the future optimisation of such conjugates towards potent agents against Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rohrbacher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie C Weck
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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7
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Almeida MC, da Costa PM, Sousa E, Resende DISP. Emerging Target-Directed Approaches for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Microbial Infections. J Med Chem 2023; 66:32-70. [PMID: 36586133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the rising levels of drug resistance, developing efficient antimicrobial therapies has become a priority. A promising strategy is the conjugation of antibiotics with relevant moieties that can potentiate their activity by target-directing. The conjugation of siderophores with antibiotics allows them to act as Trojan horses by hijacking the microorganisms' highly developed iron transport systems and using them to carry the antibiotic into the cell. Through the analysis of relevant examples of the past decade, this Perspective aims to reveal the potential of siderophore-antibiotic Trojan horses for the treatment of infections and the role of siderophores in diagnostic techniques. Other conjugated molecules will be the subject of discussion, namely those involving vitamin B12, carbohydrates, and amino acids, as well as conjugated compounds targeting protein degradation and β-lactamase activated prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Almeida
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paulo M da Costa
- CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diana I S P Resende
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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8
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Moynié L, Hoegy F, Milenkovic S, Munier M, Paulen A, Gasser V, Faucon AL, Zill N, Naismith JH, Ceccarelli M, Schalk IJ, Mislin GLA. Hijacking of the Enterobactin Pathway by a Synthetic Catechol Vector Designed for Oxazolidinone Antibiotic Delivery in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1894-1904. [PMID: 35881068 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enterobactin (ENT) is a tris-catechol siderophore used to acquire iron by multiple bacterial species. These ENT-dependent iron uptake systems have often been considered as potential gates in the bacterial envelope through which one can shuttle antibiotics (Trojan horse strategy). In practice, siderophore analogues containing catechol moieties have shown promise as vectors to which antibiotics may be attached. Bis- and tris-catechol vectors (BCVs and TCVs, respectively) were shown using structural biology and molecular modeling to mimic ENT binding to the outer membrane transporter PfeA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. TCV but not BCV appears to cross the outer membrane via PfeA when linked to an antibiotic (linezolid). TCV is therefore a promising vector for Trojan horse strategies against P. aeruginosa, confirming the ENT-dependent iron uptake system as a gate to transport antibiotics into P. aeruginosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Moynié
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QS, U.K
| | - Françoise Hoegy
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Stefan Milenkovic
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mathilde Munier
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Aurélie Paulen
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Véronique Gasser
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Aline L Faucon
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Zill
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - James H Naismith
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0QS, U.K.,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genomics, 7 Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.,IOM/CNR, Sezione di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Gaëtan L A Mislin
- CNRS, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg (IREBS), 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, France
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9
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Klahn P, Zscherp R, Jimidar CC. Advances in the Synthesis of Enterobactin, Artificial Analogues, and Enterobactin-Derived Antimicrobial Drug Conjugates and Imaging Tools for Infection Diagnosis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1783-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIron is an essential growth factor for bacteria, but although highly abundant in nature, its bioavailability during infection in the human host or the environment is limited. Therefore, bacteria produce and secrete siderophores to ensure their supply of iron. The triscatecholate siderophore enterobactin and its glycosylated derivatives, the salmochelins, play a crucial role for iron acquisition in several bacteria. As these compounds can serve as carrier molecules for the design of antimicrobial siderophore drug conjugates as well as siderophore-derived tool compounds for the detection of infections with bacteria, their synthesis and the design of artificial analogues is of interest. In this review, we give an overview on the synthesis of enterobactin, biomimetic as well as totally artificial analogues, and related drug-conjugates covering up to 12/2021.1 Introduction2 Antibiotic Crisis and Sideromycins as Natural Templates for New Antimicrobial Drugs3 Biosynthesis of Enterobactin, Salmochelins, and Microcins4 Total Synthesis of Enterobactin and Salmochelins5 Chemoenzymatic Semi-synthesis of Salmochelins and Microcin E492m Derivatives6 Synthesis of Biomimetic Enterobactin Derivatives with Natural Tris-lactone Backbone7 Synthesis of Artificial Enterobactin Derivatives without Tris-lactone Backbone8 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg
| | - Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
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10
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Pinkert L, Lai YH, Peukert C, Hotop SK, Karge B, Schulze LM, Grunenberg J, Brönstrup M. Antibiotic Conjugates with an Artificial MECAM-Based Siderophore Are Potent Agents against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15440-15460. [PMID: 34619959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel drugs against Gram-negative bacteria represents an urgent medical need. To overcome their outer cell membrane, we synthesized conjugates of antibiotics and artificial siderophores based on the MECAM core, which are imported by bacterial iron uptake systems. Structures, spin states, and iron binding properties were predicted in silico using density functional theory. The capability of MECAM to function as an effective artificial siderophore in Escherichia coli was proven in microbiological growth recovery and bioanalytical assays. Following a linker optimization focused on transport efficiency, five β-lactam and one daptomycin conjugates were prepared. The most potent conjugate 27 showed growth inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant pathogens at nanomolar concentrations. The uptake pathway of MECAMs was deciphered by knockout mutants and highlighted the relevance of FepA, CirA, and Fiu. Resistance against 27 was mediated by a mutation in the gene encoding ExbB, which is involved in siderophore transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pinkert
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yi-Hui Lai
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carsten Peukert
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven-Kevin Hotop
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lara Marie Schulze
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität, 30159 Hannover, Germany
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