1
|
Wang Z, Furukawa S. Pore-Networked Soft Materials Based on Metal-Organic Polyhedra. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:327-337. [PMID: 38205789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe last two decades have witnessed a tremendous development of crystalline microporous adsorbents in a wide range of applications including molecular adsorption, storage and separation, purification, as well as catalysis. The main players as porous materials that have contributed to the developments are extended molecular frameworks (e.g., metal-organic frameworks, MOFs; covalent-organic frameworks, COFs) or discrete porous molecules (e.g., metal-organic cages, MOCs; porous organic cages, POCs) thanks to the high degrees of freedom in their structural designability and tunability. To overcome the processability issue originating from their powder forms after synthesis, one main strategy is to hybridize the microporous adsorbents as pore-containing fillers with solvents or polymers as processable matrices to produce porous soft materials, such as porous liquids, gels/aerogels, and mixed-matrix membranes, depending on the form of matrix used. Nevertheless, the fabrication of "ideal" hybrid materials relies on the homogeneous distribution of the pore-containing fillers within the matrices. It is still challenging to find a versatile way to solve the aggregation issues of fillers and their insufficient interaction with the matrices, which are concerned with inhibiting the translation of the distinctive properties of microporous adsorbents into the obtained hybrid soft materials.Herein, we describe a new bottom-up approach for the fabrication of "pore-networked soft materials" based on the concept of directly interconnecting the pore-containing fillers into a continuous pore network within the matrices. The advantages of the pore-networking strategy lie in two main aspects: (i) the elimination of the need to struggle with the aggregation issue of fillers due to their overall interconnection throughout the matrices; (ii) the generation of continuous pore networks that guarantee the efficient molecular mass transfer in the materials. In this Account, we summarize our state-of-the-art progress of pore-networked soft materials based on the use of MOCs, alternatively called metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) herein, as pore units for the pore network construction. The good solubility of MOPs in organic solvents allows them to be feasibly processed in solution, wherein the coordination of MOPs with organic linkers leads to the formation of linked MOP gels featuring not only intrinsic MOP cavities but also tunable extrinsic porosities generated between linked MOPs through the control of MOP/linker structures and network connectivity. Furthermore, the matrix of the linked MOP network, here referred to as the continuous phase with respect to the entire porous MOP network, is not limited to the solvents. We anticipate that the implementation of air, liquids, and polymers as the matrices could result in different forms of pore-networked soft materials like aerogels, foams, gels, monoliths, and membranes. For instance, we demonstrate the fabrication of linked MOP aerogel and permanently porous gel with their potential applications on selective CO2 photoreduction and gas sorption, respectively. We believe that the pore-network strategies will advance the development of porous soft materials featuring unique advantages and properties beyond the current hybrid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Delaporte S, Abánades Lázaro I, López-Cabrelles J, Mazarakioti EC, Chebourou S, Vitórica-Yrezábal IJ, Giménez-Marqués M, Mínguez Espallargas G. Imparting structural robustness of metal-organic cages based on oxo-dimolybdenum clusters. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15682-15687. [PMID: 37646573 PMCID: PMC10628856 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A family of robust and stable molybdenum-based metal-organic cages have been obtained based on the [Mo2O2(μ2-O)2]2+ secondary building unit. The resulting cages are decorated with different pyrdine derivatives that impart structural stability, resulting in the structural elucidation of the activated cage with single-crystal diffraction. The chemical robustness of the cage is also demonstrated by the post-synthetic modification of the cage, which allows the exchange of the pyridine derivatives without rupture of the cage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solène Delaporte
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
- ENS Paris-Saclay, Département de Chimie, 4 Av. des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabel Abánades Lázaro
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier López-Cabrelles
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Eleni C Mazarakioti
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Sarah Chebourou
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | | | - Mónica Giménez-Marqués
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Drożdż W, Ciesielski A, Stefankiewicz AR. Dynamic Cages-Towards Nanostructured Smart Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307552. [PMID: 37449543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in capsular assemblies such as dynamic organic and coordination cages has blossomed over the last decade. Given their chemical and structural variability, these systems have found applications in diverse fields of research, including energy conversion and storage, catalysis, separation, molecular recognition, and live-cell imaging. In the exploration of the potential of these discrete architectures, they are increasingly being employed in the formation of more complex systems and smart materials. This Review highlights the most promising pathways to overcome common drawbacks of cage systems (stability, recovery) and discusses the most promising strategies for their hybridization with systems featuring various dimensionalities. Following the description of the most recent advances in the fabrication of zero to three-dimensional cage-based systems, this Review will provide the reader with the structure-dependent relationship between the employed cages and the properties of the materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Drożdż
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Troyano J, Tayier F, Phattharaphuti P, Aoyama T, Urayama K, Furukawa S. Porous supramolecular gels produced by reversible self-gelation of ruthenium-based metal-organic polyhedra. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9543-9552. [PMID: 37712036 PMCID: PMC10498683 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular gels based on metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) represent a versatile platform to access processable soft materials with controlled porosity. Herein, we report a self-gelation approach that allows the reversible assembly of a novel Ru-based MOP in the form of colloidal gels. The presence of cationic mixed-valence [Ru2(COO)4]+ paddlewheel units allows for modification of the MOP charge via acid/base treatment, and therefore, its solubility. This feature enables control over supramolecular interactions, making it possible to reversibly force MOP aggregation to form nanoparticles, which further assemble to form a colloidal gel network. The gelation process was thoroughly investigated by time-resolved ζ-potential, pH, and dynamic light scattering measurements. This strategy leads to the evolution of hierarchically porous aerogel from individual MOP molecules without using any additional component. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the simplicity of this method can be exploited for the obtention of MOP-based gels through a one-pot synthetic approach starting from MOP precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku 606-8501 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonomous University of Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Fuerkaiti Tayier
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku 606-8501 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Phitchayapha Phattharaphuti
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku 606-8501 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku 606-8501 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang CK, Ko TR, Lin TY, Lin YC, Yu HJ, Lee JS, Li YP, Wu HL, Kang DY. Mixed-linker strategy for suppressing structural flexibility of metal-organic framework membranes for gas separation. Commun Chem 2023; 6:118. [PMID: 37301865 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural flexibility is a critical issue that limits the application of metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes for gas separation. Herein we propose a mixed-linker approach to suppress the structural flexibility of the CAU-10-based (CAU = Christian-Albrechts-University) membranes. Specifically, pure CAU-10-PDC membranes display high separation performance but at the same time are highly unstable for the separation of CO2/CH4. A partial substitution (30 mol.%) of the linker PDC with BDC significantly improves its stability. Such an approach also allows for decreasing the aperture size of MOFs. The optimized CAU-10-PDC-H (70/30) membrane possesses a high separation performance for CO2/CH4 (separation factor of 74.2 and CO2 permeability of 1,111.1 Barrer under 2 bar of feed pressure at 35°C). A combination of in situ characterization with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, as well as periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, unveils the origin of the mixed-linker approach to enhancing the structural stability of the mixed-linker CAU-10-based membranes during the gas permeation tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kai Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rong Ko
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Lin
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hyun Jung Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Liang Wu
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Dun-Yen Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carpenter JE, Colón YJ. Atomistic simulation of soft porous coordination polymers. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:074901. [PMID: 36813721 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft porous coordination polymers (SPCPs) are materials with exceptional potential because of their ability to incorporate the properties of nominally rigid porous materials like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and those of soft matter, such as polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs). This combination could offer the gas adsorption properties of MOFs together with the mechanical stability and processability of PIMs, opening up a space of flexible, highly responsive adsorbing materials. In order to understand their structure and behavior, we present a process for the construction of amorphous SPCPs from secondary building blocks. We then use classical molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the resulting structures based on branch functionalities (f), pore size distributions (PSDs), and radial distribution functions and compare them to experimentally synthesized analogs. In the course of this comparison, we demonstrate that the pore structure of SPCPs is due to both pores intrinsic to the secondary building blocks, and intercolloid spacing between colloid particles. We also illustrate the differences in nanoscale structure based on linker length and flexibility, particularly in the PSDs, finding that stiff linkers tend to produce SPCPs with larger maximum pore sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Carpenter
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Yamil J Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Küng R, Germann A, Krüsmann M, Niggemann LP, Meisner J, Karg M, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanoresponsive Metal-Organic Cage-Crosslinked Polymer Hydrogels. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300079. [PMID: 36715238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of metal-organic cage-crosslinked polymer hydrogels. To enable crosslinking of the cages and subsequent network formation, we used homodifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains terminally substituted with bipyridines as ligands for the Pd6 L4 corners. The encapsulation of guest molecules into supramolecular self-assembled metal-organic cage-crosslinked hydrogels, as well as ultrasound-induced disassembly of the cages with release of their cargo, is presented in addition to their characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, rheology, and comprehensive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The constrained geometries simulating external force (CoGEF) method and barriers using a force-modified potential energy surface (FMPES) suggest that the cage-opening mechanism starts with the dissociation of one pyridine ligand at around 0.5 nN. We show the efficient sonochemical activation of the hydrogels HG3 -6 , increasing the non-covalent guest-loading of completely unmodified drugs available for release by a factor of ten in comparison to non-crosslinked, star-shaped assemblies in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Germann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Krüsmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louisa P Niggemann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Troyano J, Horike S, Furukawa S. Reversible Discrete-to-Extended Metal-Organic Polyhedra Transformation by Sulfonic Acid Surface Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19475-19484. [PMID: 36222467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are molecular porous units in which desired functionalities can be installed with precise geometrical and compositional control. By combing two complementary chemical moieties, such as sulfonic acid groups and Rh(II)-carboxylate paddlewheel, we synthesized a robust water-soluble cuboctahedral MOP with excellent features in both solution and solid states. Herein, we demonstrate that the superior chemical stability of the Rh2 unit and the elevated number of functional groups on the surface (24 per cage) result in a porous cage with high solubility and stability in water, including acidic, neutral, and basic pH conditions. We also prove that the sulfonic acid-rich form of the cage can be isolated through postsynthetic acid treatment. This transformation involves an improved gas uptake capacity and the capability to reversibly assemble the cages into a three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework (MOF) structure. Likewise, this sulfonic acid functionalization provides both MOP and MOF solids with high proton conductivities (>10-3 S cm-1), comparable to previously reported high conducting metal-organic materials. The influence of the MOP-to-MOF processing in the gas adsorption capacity indicates that this structural transformation can provide materials with higher and more controllable porous properties. These results illustrate the high potential of acidic MOPs as more flexible porous building units in terms of processability, structural complexity, and tunability of the properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Inorganic Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Z, Aoyama T, Sánchez-González E, Inose T, Urayama K, Furukawa S. Control of Extrinsic Porosities in Linked Metal-Organic Polyhedra Gels by Imparting Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly with Electrostatic Repulsion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23660-23668. [PMID: 35544704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The linkage of metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) to synthesize porous soft materials is one of the promising strategies to combine processability with permanent porosity. Compared to the defined internal cavity of MOPs, it is still difficult to control the extrinsic porosities generated between crosslinked MOPs because of their random arrangements in the networks. Herein, we report a method to form linked MOP gels with controllable extrinsic porosities by introducing negative charges on the surface of MOPs that facilitates electrostatic repulsion between them. A hydrophilic rhodium-based cuboctahedral MOP (OHRhMOP) with 24 hydroxyl groups on its outer periphery can be controllably deprotonated to impart the MOP with tunable electrostatic repulsion in solution. This electrostatic repulsion between MOPs stabilizes the kinetically trapped state, in which an MOP is coordinated with various bisimidazole linkers in a monodentate fashion at a controllable linker/MOP ratio. Heating of the kinetically trapped molecules leads to the formation of gels with similar colloidal networks but different extrinsic porosities. This strategy allows us to design the molecular-level networks and the resulting porosities even in the amorphous state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Elí Sánchez-González
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez-González E, Tsang MY, Troyano J, Craig GA, Furukawa S. Assembling metal-organic cages as porous materials. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4876-4889. [PMID: 35441616 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in metal-organic cages (MOCs) as porous materials owing to their processability in solution. The discrete molecular character and surface features of MOCs have a direct impact on the interactions between cages, enabling the final physical state of the materials to be tuned. In this tutorial review, we discuss how to use MOCs as core building units, highlighting the role played by surface functionalisation of MOCs in leading to porous materials in a range of states covering crystalline solids, soft matter, liquids and composites. We finish by providing an outlook on the opportunities for this work to serve as a foundation for the development of increasingly complex functional porous materials structured over various length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elí Sánchez-González
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. .,Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Min Ying Tsang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. .,Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, 50-373, Poland
| | - Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu J, Wang Z, Cheng P, Zaworotko MJ, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Post-synthetic modifications of metal–organic cages. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:339-356. [PMID: 37117929 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are discrete, supramolecular entities that consist of metal nodes and organic linkers, which can offer solution processability and high porosity. Thereby, their predesigned structures can undergo post-synthetic modifications (PSMs) to introduce new functional groups and properties by modifying the linker, metal node, pore or surface environment. This Review explores current PSM strategies used for MOCs, including covalent, coordination and noncovalent methods. The effects of newly introduced functional groups or generated complexes upon the PSMs of MOCs are also detailed, such as improving structural stability or endowing desired functionalities. The development of the aforementioned design principles has enabled systematic approaches for the development and characterization of families of MOCs and, thereby, provides insight into structure-function relationships that will guide future developments.
Collapse
|
12
|
Khobotov‐Bakishev A, Hernández‐López L, von Baeckmann C, Albalad J, Carné‐Sánchez A, Maspoch D. Metal-Organic Polyhedra as Building Blocks for Porous Extended Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104753. [PMID: 35119223 PMCID: PMC9008419 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are a subclass of coordination cages that can adsorb and host species in solution and are permanently porous in solid-state. These characteristics, together with the recent development of their orthogonal surface chemistry and the assembly of more stable cages, have awakened the latent potential of MOPs to be used as building blocks for the synthesis of extended porous networks. This review article focuses on exploring the key developments that make the extension of MOPs possible, highlighting the most remarkable examples of MOP-based soft materials and crystalline extended frameworks. Finally, the article ventures to offer future perspectives on the exploitation of MOPs in fields that still remain ripe toward the use of such unorthodox molecular porous platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akim Khobotov‐Bakishev
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Laura Hernández‐López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Jorge Albalad
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of ChemistryThe University of AdelaideNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia5000Australia
| | - Arnau Carné‐Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Pg. Lluís Companys 23Barcelona08010Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Ghosh AC, Legrand A, Rajapaksha R, Craig GA, Sassoye C, Balázs G, Farrusseng D, Furukawa S, Canivet J, Wisser FM. Rhodium-Based Metal-Organic Polyhedra Assemblies for Selective CO 2 Photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3626-3636. [PMID: 35179874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenization of molecular catalysts via their immobilization within extended structures often results in a lowering of their catalytic properties due to a change in their coordination sphere. Metal-organic polyhedra (MOP) are an emerging class of well-defined hybrid compounds with a high number of accessible metal sites organized around an inner cavity, making them appealing candidates for catalytic applications. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy that enhances the catalytic properties of dirhodium paddlewheels heterogenized within MOP (Rh-MOP) and their three-dimensional assembled supramolecular structures, which proved to be very efficient catalysts for the selective photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Surprisingly, the catalytic activity per Rh atom is higher in the supramolecular structures than in its molecular sub-unit Rh-MOP or in the Rh-metal-organic framework (Rh-MOF) and yields turnover frequencies of up to 60 h-1 and production rates of approx. 76 mmole formic acid per gram of the catalyst per hour, unprecedented in heterogeneous photocatalysis. The enhanced catalytic activity is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical characterization, showing that self-assembly into supramolecular polymers increases the electron density on the active site, making the overall reaction thermodynamically more favorable. The catalyst can be recycled without loss of activity and with no change of its molecular structure as shown by pair distribution function analysis. These results demonstrate the high potential of MOP as catalysts for the photoreduction of CO2 and open a new perspective for the electronic design of discrete molecular architectures with accessible metal sites for the production of solar fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashta C Ghosh
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rémy Rajapaksha
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G11XL Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Capucine Sassoye
- Sorbonne Université, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris-UMR 7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Farrusseng
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Florian M Wisser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wychowaniec JK, Saini H, Scheibe B, Dubal DP, Schneemann A, Jayaramulu K. Hierarchical porous metal–organic gels and derived materials: from fundamentals to potential applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9068-9126. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in the development and applications of metal–organic gels (MOGs) and their hybrids and derivatives dividing them into subclasses and discussing their synthesis, design and structure–property relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek K. Wychowaniec
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Haneesh Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Błażej Scheibe
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, NanoBioMedical Centre, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, PL61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Deepak P. Dubal
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstr. 66, 01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kolleboyina Jayaramulu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| |
Collapse
|