1
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Russo F, Civili B, Winssinger N. Bright Red Bioluminescence from Semisynthetic NanoLuc (sNLuc). ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1035-1039. [PMID: 38717306 PMCID: PMC11106743 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Red-shifted bioluminescence is highly desirable for diagnostic and imaging applications. Herein, we report a semisynthetic NanoLuc (sNLuc) based on complementation of a split NLuc (LgBiT) with a synthetic peptide (SmBiT) functionalized with a fluorophore for BRET emission. We observed exceptional BRET ratios with diverse fluorophores, notably in the red (I674/I450 > 14), with a brightness that is sufficient for naked eye detection in blood or through tissues. To exemplify its utility, LgBiT was fused to a miniprotein that binds HER2 (affibody, ZHER2), and the selective detection of HER2+ SK-BR-3 cells over HER2- HeLa cells was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Russo
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Civili
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Sakama A, Orioka M, Hiruta Y. Current advances in the development of bioluminescent probes toward spatiotemporal trans-scale imaging. Biophys Physicobiol 2024; 21:e211004. [PMID: 39175853 PMCID: PMC11338684 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v21.s004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging has recently attracted great attention as a highly sensitive and non-invasive analytical method. However, weak signal and low chemical stability of the luciferin are conventional drawbacks of bioluminescence imaging. In this review article, we describe the recent progress on the development and applications of bioluminescent probes for overcoming the aforementioned limitations, thereby enabling spatiotemporal trans-scale imaging. The detailed molecular design for manipulation of their luminescent properties and functions enabled a variety of applications, including in vivo deep tissue imaging, long-term imaging, and chemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mariko Orioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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3
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Liang J, Han J, Gao X, Jia H, Li R, Tse ECM, Li Y. Clickable APEX2 Probes for Enhanced RNA Proximity Labeling in Live Cells. Anal Chem 2024; 96:685-693. [PMID: 38099807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Although APEX2-mediated proximity labeling has been extensively implemented for studying RNA subcellular localization in live cells, the biotin-phenoxyl radical used for labeling RNAs has a relatively low efficiency, which can limit its compatibility with other profiling methods. Herein, a set of phenol derivatives were designed as APEX2 probes through balancing reactivity, hydrophilicity, and lipophilicity. Among these derivatives, Ph_N3 exhibited reliable labeling ability and enabled two biotinylation routes for downstream analysis. As a proof of concept, we used APEX2/Ph_N3 labeling with high-throughput sequencing analysis to examine the transcriptomes in the mitochondrial matrix, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. To further expand the utility of Ph_N3, we employed mechanistically orthogonal APEX2 and singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated strategies for dual location labeling in live cells. Specifically, DRAQ5, a DNA-intercalating photosensitizer, was applied for nucleus-restricted 1O2 labeling. We validated the orthogonality of APEX2/Ph_N3 and DRAQ5-1O2 at the imaging level, providing an attractive and feasible approach for future studies of RNA translocation in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinghua Han
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xutao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Han Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, PKU-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Edmund C M Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Caldwell DR, Townsend KM, Kolbaba-Kartchner B, Hadjian T, Ivanic J, Love AC, Malvar B, Mills J, Prescher JA, Schnermann MJ. Expedient Synthesis and Characterization of π-Extended Luciferins. J Org Chem 2023:10.1021/acs.joc.3c01920. [PMID: 38096133 PMCID: PMC11323054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging enables the sensitive tracking of cell populations and the visualization of biological processes in living systems. Bioluminescent luciferase/luciferin pairs with far-red and near-infrared emission benefit from the reduced competitive absorption by blood and tissue while also facilitating multiplexing strategies. Luciferins with extended π-systems, such as AkaLumine and recently reported CouLuc-1 and -3, can be used for bioluminescence imaging in this long wavelength regime. Existing synthetic routes to AkaLumine and similar π-extended compounds require a multistep sequence to install the thiazoline heterocycle. Here we detail the development of a two-step strategy for accessing these molecules via a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction and cysteine condensation sequence from readily available aldehyde starting materials. We detail an improved synthesis of AkaLumine, as well as the corresponding two-carbon homologues, Tri- and Tetra-AkaLumine. We then extended this approach to prepare coumarin- and naphthalene-derived luciferins. These putative luciferins were tested against a panel of luciferases to identify capable emitters. Of these, an easily prepared naphthalene derivative exhibits photon emission on par with that of the broadly used Akaluc/AkaLumine pair with similar emission maxima. Overall, this chemistry provides efficient access to several bioluminescent probes for a variety of imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Caldwell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Katherine M Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Bethany Kolbaba-Kartchner
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Tanya Hadjian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Anna C Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Beatrice Malvar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeremy Mills
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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5
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Mohammad I, Liebmann KL, Miller SC. Firefly luciferin methyl ester illuminates the activity of multiple serine hydrolases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:8552-8555. [PMID: 37337906 PMCID: PMC10347678 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Firefly luciferin methyl ester is hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase MAGL, amidase FAAH, poorly-characterized hydrolase ABHD11, and hydrolases known for S-depalmitoylation (LYPLA1/2), not just esterase CES1. This enables activity-based bioluminescent assays for serine hydrolases and suggests that the 'esterase activity' responsible for hydrolyzing ester prodrugs is more diverse than previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innus Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Kate L Liebmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Stephen C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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6
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Williams SJ, Gewing-Mullins JA, Lieberman WK, Kolbaba-Kartchner B, Iqbal R, Burgess HM, Colee CM, Ornelas MY, Reid-McLaughlin ES, Mills JH, Prescher JA, Leconte AM. Biochemical Analysis Leads to Improved Orthogonal Bioluminescent Tools. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200726. [PMID: 36592373 PMCID: PMC10265744 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineered luciferase-luciferin pairs have expanded the number of cellular targets that can be visualized in tandem. While light production relies on selective processing of synthetic luciferins by mutant luciferases, little is known about the origin of selectivity. The development of new and improved pairs requires a better understanding of the structure-function relationship of bioluminescent probes. In this work, we report a biochemical approach to assessing and optimizing two popular bioluminescent pairs: Cashew/d-luc and Pecan/4'-BrLuc. Single mutants derived from Cashew and Pecan revealed key residues for selectivity and thermal stability. Stability was further improved through a rational addition of beneficial residues. In addition to providing increased stability, the known stabilizing mutations surprisingly also improved selectivity. The resultant improved pair of luciferases are >100-fold selective for their respective substrates and highly thermally stable. Collectively, this work highlights the importance of mechanistic insight for improving bioluminescent pairs and provides significantly improved Cashew and Pecan enzymes which should be immediately suitable for multicomponent imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Science II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jordan A Gewing-Mullins
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Whitney K Lieberman
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Bethany Kolbaba-Kartchner
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Physical Sciences Center PSd-D102, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Reema Iqbal
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Hana M Burgess
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Clair M Colee
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Marya Y Ornelas
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Edison S Reid-McLaughlin
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Jeremy H Mills
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Physical Sciences Center PSd-D102, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1120 Natural Science II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aaron M Leconte
- W.M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, The Claremont Colleges, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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7
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Jiang T, Song J, Zhang Y. Coelenterazine-Type Bioluminescence-Induced Optical Probes for Sensing and Controlling Biological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065074. [PMID: 36982148 PMCID: PMC10049153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence-based probes have long been used to quantify and visualize biological processes in vitro and in vivo. Over the past years, we have witnessed the trend of bioluminescence-driven optogenetic systems. Typically, bioluminescence emitted from coelenterazine-type luciferin–luciferase reactions activate light-sensitive proteins, which induce downstream events. The development of coelenterazine-type bioluminescence-induced photosensory domain-based probes has been applied in the imaging, sensing, and control of cellular activities, signaling pathways, and synthetic genetic circuits in vitro and in vivo. This strategy can not only shed light on the mechanisms of diseases, but also promote interrelated therapy development. Here, this review provides an overview of these optical probes for sensing and controlling biological processes, highlights their applications and optimizations, and discusses the possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jingwen Song
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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Li P, Zhang W, Wang Y, Tian J, Shi D, Xu H. A near-infrared and lysosome-targeted coumarin-BODIPY photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy against HepG2 cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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9
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Love AC, Caldwell DR, Kolbaba-Kartchner B, Townsend KM, Halbers LP, Yao Z, Brennan CK, Ivanic J, Hadjian T, Mills JH, Schnermann MJ, Prescher JA. Red-Shifted Coumarin Luciferins for Improved Bioluminescence Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3335-3345. [PMID: 36745536 PMCID: PMC10519142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent bioluminescence imaging in vivo requires an expanded collection of tissue-penetrant probes. Toward this end, we generated a new class of near-infrared (NIR) emitting coumarin luciferin analogues (CouLuc-3s). The scaffolds were easily accessed from commercially available dyes. Complementary mutant luciferases for the CouLuc-3 analogues were also identified. The brightest probes enabled sensitive imaging in vivo. The CouLuc-3 scaffolds are also orthogonal to popular bioluminescent reporters and can be used for multicomponent imaging applications. Collectively, this work showcases a new set of bioluminescent tools that can be readily implemented for multiplexed imaging in a variety of biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Donald R Caldwell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Cancer for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Bethany Kolbaba-Kartchner
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Katherine M Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lila P Halbers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Caroline K Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Tanya Hadjian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeremy H Mills
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Cancer for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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10
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Brennan CK, Yao Z, Ionkina AA, Rathbun CM, Sathishkumar B, Prescher JA. Multiplexed bioluminescence imaging with a substrate unmixing platform. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1649-1660.e4. [PMID: 36283402 PMCID: PMC9675729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescent tools can illuminate cellular features in whole organisms. Multi-component tracking remains challenging, though, owing to a lack of well-resolved probes and long imaging times. To address the need for more rapid, quantitative, and multiplexed bioluminescent readouts, we developed an analysis pipeline featuring sequential substrate administration and serial image acquisition. Light output from each luciferin is layered on top of the previous image, with minimal delay between substrate delivery. A MATLAB algorithm was written to analyze bioluminescent images generated from the rapid imaging protocol and deconvolute (i.e., unmix) signals from luciferase-luciferin pairs. Mixtures comprising three to five luciferase reporters were readily distinguished in under 50 min; this same experiment would require days using conventional workflows. We further showed that the algorithm can be used to accurately quantify luciferase levels in heterogeneous mixtures. Based on its speed and versatility, the multiplexed imaging platform will expand the scope of bioluminescence technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anastasia A Ionkina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Colin M Rathbun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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11
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He D, Zhang L, Sun Y. Meso-substituented pyronine: colorful emission and versatile platform for the rational design of fluorescent probes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Advancing Tumor Microenvironment Research by Combining Organs-on-Chips and Biosensors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:171-203. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) emitting fluorophores are powerful tools for optical imaging. However, there are only a handful of broadly employed NIR-emitting scaffolds, and the synthetic methods to prepare these molecules are often problematic. Here, we describe a novel, three-step synthesis of chromene-containing hemicyanine probes exhibiting large Stokes shifts and NIR emissions. We develop a pH-activatable probe for visualizing lysosomal trafficking of mAb conjugates. These studies provide a concise approach to hemicyanines with promising properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Caldwell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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