1
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Chen B, Zeng J, Zhang S, Zhang Y. Non-cationic hyper-crosslinked ionic polymers with hierarchically ordered porous structures: facile synthesis and applications for highly efficient CO 2 capture and conversion. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03708a. [PMID: 39184292 PMCID: PMC11342155 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyper-crosslinked porous ionic polymers (HCPIPs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique ionic properties and high specific surface areas. However, the limited variety of monomers, low ionic density, and difficulty in functionalization restrict their development. Herein, a series of functionalized non-cationic HCPIPs with high ionic density are designed and directly synthesized via an innovative and straightforward approach - anion (and cation) hyper-crosslinking of tetraphenylborate-based ionic liquids (ILs). These HCPIPs offer controllable hydroxyl group content (0-2.40 mmol g-1), high IL content (1.20-1.78 mmol g-1), and large specific surface area (636-729 m2 g-1) with hierarchically ordered porous structures. These HCPIPs demonstrate exceptional CO2 adsorption capacities and CO2/N2 adsorption selectivities, reaching up to 2.68-3.01 mmol g-1 and 166-237, respectively, at 273 K and 1 bar. Furthermore, these ionic porous materials serve as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides under mild conditions (1 bar CO2, 60-80 °C, 12-24 h). Notably, the CO2 adsorption performances and catalytic activities of these HCPIPs are regulated by the hydroxyl groups within their structures, with enhancements observed as the number of hydroxyl groups increases. This work presents a facile and widely applicable method for constructing high-performance and task-specific HCPIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 Hunan China
| | - Junfeng Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 Hunan China
| | - Shiguo Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 Hunan China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 Hunan China
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2
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Xu XH, Gao RT, Li SY, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Helical polyisocyanide-based macroporous organic catalysts for asymmetric Michael addition with high efficiency and stereoselectivity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12480-12487. [PMID: 39118633 PMCID: PMC11304732 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porous materials have attracted interest due to their high specific surface area and rich functionality. Immobilizing organocatalysts onto porous polymers not only boosts enantioselectivity but also improves the reaction rates. In this work, a series of porous polymers C-poly-3ms with rigid polyisocyanide-carrying secondary amine pendants as building blocks were successfully prepared. And the pore size and optical activity of C-poly-3ms can be controlled by the length of the polyisocyanide blocks due to their rigid and helical backbone. C-poly-3150 demonstrated a preferred left-handed helix with a θ 364 value of -8.21 × 103. The pore size and S BET of C-poly-3150 were 17.52 nm and 7.98 m2 g-1, respectively. The porous C-poly-3150 catalyzes the asymmetric Michael addition reaction efficiently and generates the target products in satisfactory yield and excellent enantioselectivity. For 6ab, an enantiomeric excess (ee) and a diastereomeric ratio (dr) up to 99% and 99/1 could be achieved, respectively. The recovered catalyst can be recycled at least 6 times in the asymmetric Michael addition reaction while maintaining activity and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Hui Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 Anhui Province China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Run-Tan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Shi-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 Anhui Province China
| | - Na Liu
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University 1266 Fujin Road Changchun Jilin 130021 P. R. China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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Zhao Q, Li X, Chen G, Wang Z, Tan C, Liu C, Zou H, Ma J, Zhu L, Duan T. Hydrophobic nanosheet silicalite-1 zeolite for iodine and methyl iodide capture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134496. [PMID: 38718508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Effective capture of radioactive iodine from nuclear fuel reprocessing is of great importance for public safety as well as the secure utility of nuclear energy. In this work, a hydrophobic nanosheet silicalite-1 (NSL-1) zeolite with an adjustable size was developed for efficient iodine (I2) and methyl iodide (CH3I) adsorption. The optimized all-silica zeolite NSL-1 exhibits an excellent I2 uptake capacity of 553 mg/g within 45 min and a CH3I uptake capacity of 262 mg/g within 1 h. Benefiting from the reduced thickness and enhanced porosity, microporous NSL-1 possesses enhanced iodine adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics, which is a considerable high value among inorganic materials. Unexpectedly, the remarkable characters of high hydrophobicity, acid-resistance and anti-oxidation endow it a higher iodine uptake capacity than traditional aluminosilicate zeolites. More importantly, the high uptake selectivity toward I2 possessed by NSL-1 owing to its hydrophobic skeleton under simulated dynamic conditions. The low cost, facile and scalable synthesis of NSL-1 further highlights great prospects for applications in the nuclear industry. This work provides useful insights for designing efficient adsorbents for iodine capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xin Li
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100840, China
| | - Guangyuan Chen
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zeru Wang
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chuan Tan
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hao Zou
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jing Ma
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100840, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Tao Duan
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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4
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Gao RT, Li SY, Zong Y, Chen Z, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Supramolecular Polymer Frameworks with Controlled and Uniform Pore Apertures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410010. [PMID: 38926253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Porous frameworks with controlled pore structure and tunable aperture are greatly demanded. However, precise synthesis of this kind of materials is a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular polymer frameworks using a precisely synthesized rod-like helical polyisocyanide as link. Four three-arm star-shaped polyisocyanides with the degree of the polymerization of 10, 20, 30 and 40, and having 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) terminals were synthesized. 2D-Crystalline polymer frameworks with apertures of 5.3, 10.1, 13.9, and 19.1 nm were respectively obtained through intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the terminal Upy units. The pore aperture is dependent on the length of polyisocyanide backbone. Thus, well-defined supramolecular polymer frameworks with controlled and uniform hexagonal pores were obtained, as proved by small-angle X-ray scattering (synchrotron radiation facility), atomic force microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses. The frameworks with uniform large pore aperture were used to purify nanomaterials and immobilize biomacromolecules. For instance, the membranes of the polymer frameworks could size-fractionation of silver nanoparticles into uniform nanoparticles with very low dispersity. The frameworks with large aperture facilitated the inclusion of myoglobin and enhanced the stability and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Tan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shi-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Na Liu
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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5
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Wang J, Wu T, Wang X, Chen J, Fan M, Shi Z, Liu J, Xu L, Zang Y. Construction of hydroxyl-functionalized hyper-crosslinked networks from polyimide for highly efficient iodine adsorption. iScience 2024; 27:108993. [PMID: 38327786 PMCID: PMC10847683 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of nuclear energy posed a great threat to the environment and human health. Herein, two hydroxyl-functionalized hyper-crosslinked polymers (PIHCP-1 and PIHCP-2) containing different electron active sites have been synthesized via Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of the polyimides. The resulting polymers showed a micro/mesoporous morphology and good thermal and chemical stability. Rely on the high porosity and multi-active sites, the PIHCPs show an ultrahigh iodine uptake capacity reached 6.73 g g-1 and the iodine removal efficiency from aqueous solution also reaches 99.7%. Kinetic analysis demonstrates that the iodine adsorption on PIHCPs was happened on the heterogeneous surfaces in the form of multilayer chemisorption. Electrostatic potential (ESP) calculation proves the great contribution of hydroxyl groups on the iodine capture performance. In addition, the iodine capture efficiency of both adsorbents can be maintained over 91% after four cyclic experiments which ensures their good recyclability for further practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Technology Innovation Center of Industrial Hemp for State Market Regulation, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Xianlong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Technology Innovation Center of Industrial Hemp for State Market Regulation, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Minyi Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Technology Innovation Center of Industrial Hemp for State Market Regulation, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Zhichun Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Technology Innovation Center of Industrial Hemp for State Market Regulation, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Yu Zang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Wenhua Street 42, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
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6
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Fajal S, Mandal W, Torris A, Majumder D, Let S, Sen A, Kanheerampockil F, Shirolkar MM, Ghosh SK. Ultralight crystalline hybrid composite material for highly efficient sequestration of radioiodine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1278. [PMID: 38341406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the importance of sustainable nuclear energy, effective management of radioactive nuclear waste, such as sequestration of radioiodine has inflicted a significant research attention in recent years. Despite the fact that materials have been reported for the adsorption of iodine, development of effective adsorbent with significantly improved segregation properties for widespread practical applications still remain exceedingly difficult due to lack of proper design strategies. Herein, utilizing unique hybridization synthetic strategy, a composite crystalline aerogel material has been fabricated by covalent stepping of an amino-functionalized stable cationic discrete metal-organic polyhedra with dual-pore containing imine-functionalized covalent organic framework. The ultralight hybrid composite exhibits large surface area with hierarchical macro-micro porosity and multifunctional binding sites, which collectively interact with iodine. The developed nano-adsorbent demonstrate ultrahigh vapor and aqueous-phase iodine adsorption capacities of 9.98 g.g-1 and 4.74 g.g-1, respectively, in static conditions with fast adsorption kinetics, high retention efficiency, reusability and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahel Fajal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, India
| | - Writakshi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, India
| | - Arun Torris
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Dipanjan Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, India
| | - Sumanta Let
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, India
| | - Arunabha Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, India
| | - Fayis Kanheerampockil
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Mandar M Shirolkar
- Advanced Bio-Agro Tech Pvt. Ltd, Baner, Pune, 411045, India
- Norel Nutrient Bio-Agro Tech Pvt. Ltd, Baner, Pune, 411045, India
| | - Sujit K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, India.
- Centre for Water Research (CWR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India.
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7
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Kurisingal JF, Yun H, Hong CS. Porous organic materials for iodine adsorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131835. [PMID: 37348374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear industry will continue to develop rapidly and produce energy in the foreseeable future; however, it presents unique challenges regarding the disposal of released waste radionuclides because of their volatility and long half-life. The release of radioactive isotopes of iodine from uranium fission reactions is a challenge. Although various adsorbents have been explored for the uptake of iodine, there is still interest in novel adsorbents. The novel adsorbents should be synthesized using reliable and economically feasible synthetic procedures. Herein, we discussed the state-of-the-art performance of various categories of porous organic materials including covalent organic frameworks, covalent triazine frameworks, porous aromatic frameworks, porous organic cages, among other porous organic polymers for the uptake of iodine. This review discussed the synthesis of porous organic materials and their iodine adsorption capacity and reusability. Finally, the challenges and prospects for iodine capture using porous organic materials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongryeol Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seop Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Gong CH, Li ZY, Chen KW, Gu AT, Wang P, Yang Y. Synthesis and characterization of Ag@Cu-based MOFs as efficient adsorbents for iodine anions removal from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 265:107211. [PMID: 37331177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the critical importance of capturing radioiodine from aquatic environments for human health and ecosystems, developing highly efficient adsorbent materials with rapid kinetics for capturing iodide ions in aqueous solutions is urgently needed. Although extensive research has been conducted on iodine adsorption in gas and organic phases, limited research has been dedicated to adsorption in aqueous solutions. An effective technique for removing iodide was proposed using Ag@Cu-based MOFs synthesized by incorporating Ag into calcined HKUST-1 with varying mass ratios of Ag/Cu-C. Extensive characterization using SEM, XRD, XPS, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis confirmed successful incorporation of Ag in Cu-C. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, demonstrating that the 5% Ag@Cu-C material exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 247.1 mg g-1 at pH 3. Mechanism investigations revealed that Cu0 and dissolved oxygen in water generate Cu2O and H2O2, while Ag and a small amount of CuO generate Ag2O and Cu2O. Furthermore, iodide ions in the solution are captured by Cu+ and Ag+ adsorption sites. These findings highlighted the potential of Ag@Cu-based MOFs as highly effective adsorbents for iodine anions removal in radioactive wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Gong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Kai-Wei Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ao-Tian Gu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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9
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Zou H, Liu W, Wang C, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Polyfluorene- block-poly(phenyl isocyanide) Copolymers: One-Pot Synthesis, Helical Assembly, and Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130012, China
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10
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Tian X, Zhou G, Xi J, Sun R, Zhang X, Wang G, Mei L, Hou C, Jiang L, Qiu J. Vinyl-functionalized covalent organic frameworks for effective radioactive iodine capture in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Two Facile Aniline-Based Hypercrosslinked Polymer Adsorbents for Highly Efficient Iodine Capture and Removal. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010370. [PMID: 36613814 PMCID: PMC9820307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective capture and safe disposal of radioactive iodine (129I or 131I) during nuclear power generation processes have always been a worldwide environmental concern. Low-cost and high-efficiency iodine removal materials are urgently needed. In this study, we synthesized two aniline-based hypercrosslinked polymers (AHCPs), AHCP-1 and AHCP-2, for iodine capture in both aqueous and gaseous phases. They are obtained by aniline polymerization through Friedel-Crafts alkylation and Scholl coupling reaction, respectively, with high chemical and thermal stability. Notably, AHCP-1 exhibits record-high static iodine adsorption (250 wt%) in aqueous solution. In the iodine vapor adsorption, AHCP-2 presents an excellent total iodine capture (596 wt%), surpassing the most reported amorphous polymer adsorbents. The rich primary amine groups of AHCPs promote the rapid physical capture of iodine from iodine water and iodine vapor. Intrinsic features such as low-cost preparation, good recyclability, as well as excellent performance in iodine capture indicate that the AHCPs can be used as potential candidates for the removal of iodine from radioactive wastewater and gas mixtures.
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12
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Synthesis and Iodine Adsorption Properties of Organometallic Copolymers with Propeller-Shaped Fe(II) Clathrochelates Bridged by Different Diaryl Thioether and Their Oxidized Sulfone Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224818. [PMID: 36432945 PMCID: PMC9697507 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organometallic copolymers, ICP1-3, containing iron(II) clathrochelate units with cyclohexyl lateral groups and interconnected by various thioether derivatives were synthesized. The reaction of the latter into their corresponding OICP1-3 sulfone derivatives was achieved quantitatively using mild oxidation reaction conditions. The target copolymers, ICP1-3 and OICP1-3, were characterized by various instrumental analysis techniques, and their iodine uptake studies disclosed excellent iodine properties, reaching a maximum of 360 wt.% (qe = 3600 mg g-1). The adsorption mechanisms of the copolymers were explored using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Furthermore, regeneration tests confirmed the efficiency of the target copolymers for their iodine adsorption even after several adsorption-desorption cycles.
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13
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Núñez-Martínez M, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Chiroptical and colorimetric switches based on helical polymer-metal nanocomposites prepared via redox metal translocation of helical polymer metal complexes. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13066-13072. [PMID: 36069960 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03807b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A helical copoly(phenylacetylene) that follows a dynamic chiral accord effect has been designed to further synthesize dynamic chiral nanocomposites. Its two pendants are benzamides of (L)-methionine methyl ester [(L)-1, 20%] and (L)-alanine methyl ester [(L)-2, 80%], the former being responsible for binding the copolymer to metallic nanoparticles (MNPs, M = Au, Ag) via the thioether. The two chiral comonomers have analogous dynamic behavior, and therefore, the copolymer-poly-[(L)-10.2-co-(L)-20.8]-adopts a preferred helical sense that can be amplified or inverted by stimuli acting simultaneously on both pendants. The formation of nanocomposites can be followed by different sequential chiroptical responses of the copolymer once the helical polymer metal-complexes are formed-M to P helix inversion by the formation of poly-[(L)-10.2-co-(L)-20.8]/Au3+ or poly-[(L)-10.2-co-(L)-20.8]/Ag+-and further reduction with NaBH4 to generate the corresponding nanocomposites-P to M helix inversion by the formation of poly-[(L)-10.2-co-(L)-20.8]-AuNPs (6 nm) and poly-[(L)-10.2-co-(L)-20.8]-AgNPs (5 nm). These nanocomposites exhibit the properties of both components, helix inversion in the PPA and a colorimetric response in the MNPs triggered by metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Núñez-Martínez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Baig N, Shetty S, Habib SS, Husain AA, Al-Mousawi S, Alameddine B. Synthesis of Iron(II) Clathrochelate-Based Poly(vinylene sulfide) with Tetraphenylbenzene Bridging Units and Their Selective Oxidation into Their Corresponding Poly(vinylene sulfone) Copolymers: Promising Materials for Iodine Capture. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183727. [PMID: 36145872 PMCID: PMC9504420 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a simple and efficient synthetic methodology to engineer functional polymer materials for gas adsorption is necessary due to its relevance for various applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of metalorganic poly(vinylene sulfide) copolymers CTP1-3 with iron(II) clathrochelate of various side groups connected by tetraphenylbenzene units. CTP1-3 were subsequently oxidized into their respective poly(vinylene sulfone) copolymers CTP4-6 under green reaction conditions. The target copolymers CTP1-6 were characterized using various instrumental analysis techniques. Examination of the iodine adsorption properties of the copolymers revealed high iodine uptake properties, reaching 2360 mg g−1 for CTP2, and whose reusability tests proved its efficient regeneration, thus proving the importance of iron(II) clathrochelate polymers in iodine capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorullah Baig
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
- Functional Materials Group, GUST, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - Suchetha Shetty
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
- Functional Materials Group, GUST, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - Sameh S. Habib
- Department of Chemistry Kuwait City, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 12613, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ali A. Husain
- Department of Chemistry Kuwait City, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 12613, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Saleh Al-Mousawi
- Department of Chemistry Kuwait City, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 12613, Safat 13060, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (S.A.-M.); (B.A.); Tel.: +965-2530-7111 (B.A.)
| | - Bassam Alameddine
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
- Functional Materials Group, GUST, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (S.A.-M.); (B.A.); Tel.: +965-2530-7111 (B.A.)
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15
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Yu CX, Li XJ, Zong JS, You DJ, Liang AP, Zhou YL, Li XQ, Liu LL. Fabrication of Protonated Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Iodine Capture from Water. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13883-13892. [PMID: 35998569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive iodine (129I and 131I), produced or released from nuclear-related activities, posed severe effects on both human health and environment. The efficient removal of radioiodine from aqueous medium and vapor phase is of paramount importance for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. Herein, a metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheet with a positive charge was constructed for the capture of iodine for the first time. The as-synthesized ultrathin nanosheets, with a thickness of 4.4 ± 0.1 nm, showed a record-high iodine adsorption capacity (3704.08 mg g-1) from aqueous solution, which is even higher than that from the vapor phase (3510.05 mg g-1). It can be ascribed to the fully interactions between the extensive accessible active sites on the largely exposed surface of 2D MOF nanosheets and the target pollutants, which also gave rise to fast adsorption kinetics with relative high removal efficiencies in the low concentrations, even in seawater. Moreover, a facile recyclability with fast desorption kinetics can also be achieved for the MOF nanosheets. The excellent iodine removal performance in aqueous solution demonstrated that the electrostatic attraction between MOF nanosheets with a positive charge and the negatively charged triiodide (I3-, the dominant form of iodine in aqueous solution) is the driving force in adsorption, which endows the adsorbents with the characteristics of fast adsorption and desorption kinetics. The adsorption mechanism was systematically verified by the studies of ζ potential, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Yu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jing Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Shu Zong
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Jiang You
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ping Liang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhou
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Lei Liu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
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16
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Pham TT, Yusa SI. Thermo-Responsive Polyion Complex of Polysulfobetaine and a Cationic Surfactant in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153171. [PMID: 35956686 PMCID: PMC9370920 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(4-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)butane-1-sulfonate) (PSBP) was prepared via controlled radical polymerization. PSBP showed upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous solutions, which could be controlled by adjusting the polymer and NaCl concentrations. Owing to its pendant sulfonate anions, PSBP exhibited a negative zeta potential of −7.99 mV and formed a water-soluble ion complex with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) via attractive electrostatic interaction. A neutral PSBP/CTAB complex was formed under equimolar concentrations of the pendant sulfonate group in PSBP and the quaternary ammonium group in CTAB. Transmittance electron microscopic images revealed the spherical shape of the complex. The stoichiometrically neutral-charge PSBP/CTAB complex exhibited UCST behavior in aqueous solutions. Similar to PSBP, the phase transition temperature of the PSBP/CTAB complex could be tuned by modifying the polymer and NaCl concentrations. In 0.1 M aqueous solution, the PSBP/CTAB complex showed UCST behavior at a low complex concentration of 0.084 g/L, whereas PSBP did not exhibit UCST behavior at concentrations below 1.0 g/L. This observation suggests that the interaction between PSBP and CTAB in the complex was stronger than the interpolymer interaction of PSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-79-267-4954; Fax: +81-79-266-8868
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17
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Zhao X, Liu S, Sun J. Hierarchically Porous Poly(ionic liquid) – Organic Cage Composite Membrane for Efficient Iodine Capture. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201199. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 102488 P. R. China
| | - Si‐Hua Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 102488 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 102488 P. R. China
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18
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Echizen K, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K. Well‐Controlled Living Polymerization of Phenylacetylenes in Water: Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Stereoregular Telechelic Poly(phenylacetylene)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202676. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Echizen
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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19
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Echizen K, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K. Well‐Controlled Living Polymerization of Phenylacetylenes in Water: Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Stereoregular Telechelic Poly(phenylacetylene)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Echizen
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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20
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Qiu Y, Cao S, Sun C, Jiang Q, Xie C, Wang H, Liao Y, Xie X. Thermotropic chirality enhancement of nanoparticles constructed from foldamer/bis(amino acid) complexes. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00722c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, chiral nanoparticles are constructed by mixing an artificial foldamer bearing aza-18-crown-6 pendants with l-homocystine perchlorate salt, showing a thermotropic chirality enhancement due to the binding mode changes in the heating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chenchen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chongmo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yonggui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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21
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Fan Y, Yang W, Qiao C, Liu Q, Yao J, Zhang C. Synthesis and properties of helical polystyrene derivatives with amino acid side groups. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00648k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of polystyrene derivatives with chiral amide groups with a controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing & Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing & Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Congde Qiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing & Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qinze Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing & Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jinshui Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Processing & Testing Technology of Glass and Functional Ceramics, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Changbin Zhang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
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