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Tan S, Kuai D, Yu Z, Perez-Beltran S, Rahman MM, Xia K, Wang N, Chen Y, Yang XQ, Xiao J, Liu J, Cui Y, Bao Z, Balbuena PB, Hu E. Evolution and Interplay of Lithium Metal Interphase Components Revealed by Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11711-11718. [PMID: 38632847 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal batteries (LMB) have high energy densities and are crucial for clean energy solutions. The characterization of the lithium metal interphase is fundamentally and practically important but technically challenging. Taking advantage of synchrotron X-ray, which has the unique capability of analyzing crystalline/amorphous phases quantitatively with statistical significance, we study the composition and dynamics of the LMB interphase for a newly developed important LMB electrolyte that is based on fluorinated ether. Pair distribution function analysis revealed the sequential roles of the anion and solvent in interphase formation during cycling. The relative ratio between Li2O and LiF first increases and then decreases during cycling, suggesting suppressed Li2O formation in both initial and long extended cycles. Theoretical studies revealed that in initial cycles, this is due to the energy barriers in many-electron transfer. In long extended cycles, the anion decomposition product Li2O encourages solvent decomposition by facilitating solvent adsorption on Li2O which is followed by concurrent depletion of both. This work highlights the important role of Li2O in transitioning from an anion-derived interphase to a solvent-derived one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tan
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dacheng Kuai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Saul Perez-Beltran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Kangxuan Xia
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yuelang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jie Xiao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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2
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Li Z, Wang L, Huang X, He X. Unveiling the Mystery of LiF within Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305429. [PMID: 38098303 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in lithium-ion batteries. However, further requirement on the electrochemical performance is still a powerful motivator to improve battery technology. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is considered as a key component on negative electrode, having been proven to be crucial for the performance, even in safety of batteries. Although numerous studies have focused on SEI in recent years, its specific properties, including structure and composition, remain largely unclear. Particularly, LiF, a common and important component in SEI, has sparked debates among researchers, resulting in divergent viewpoints. In this review, the recent research findings on SEI and delve into the characteristics of the LiF component is aim to consolidated. The cause of SEI formation and the evolution of SEI models is summarized. The distinctive properties of SEI generated on various negative electrodes is further discussed, the ongoing scholarly controversy surrounding the function of LiF within SEI, and the specific physicochemical properties about LiF and its synergistic effect in heterogeneous components. The objective is to facilitate better understanding of SEI and the role of the LiF component, ultimately contributing to the development of Li batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance and safety for battery communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Li GX, Lennartz P, Koverga V, Kou R, Nguyen A, Jiang H, Liao M, Wang D, Dandu N, Zepeda M, Wang H, Wang K, Ngo AT, Brunklaus G, Wang D. Interfacial solvation-structure regulation for stable Li metal anode by a desolvation coating technique. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311732121. [PMID: 38232289 PMCID: PMC10823240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311732121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable lithium (Li) metal batteries face challenges in achieving stable cycling due to the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The Li-ion solvation structure and its desolvation process are crucial for the formation of a stable SEI on Li metal anodes and improving Li plating/stripping kinetics. This research introduces an interfacial desolvation coating technique to actively modulate the Li-ion solvation structure at the Li metal interface and regulate the participation of the electrolyte solvent in SEI formation. Through experimental investigations conducted using a carbonate electrolyte with limited compatibility to Li metal, the optimized desolvation coating layer, composed of 12-crown-4 ether-modified silica materials, selectively displaces strongly coordinating solvents while simultaneously enriching weakly coordinating fluorinated solvents at the Li metal/electrolyte interface. This selective desolvation and enrichment effect reduce solvent participation to SEI and thus facilitate the formation of a LiF-dominant SEI with greatly reduced organic species on the Li metal surface, as conclusively verified through various characterization techniques including XPS, quantitative NMR, operando NMR, cryo-TEM, EELS, and EDS. The interfacial desolvation coating technique enables excellent rate cycling stability (i.e., 1C) of the Li metal anode and prolonged cycling life of the Li||LiCoO2 pouch cell in the conventional carbonate electrolyte (E/C 2.6 g/Ah), with 80% capacity retention after 333 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xing Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Peter Lennartz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Münster, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Koverga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL60608
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Rong Kou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Au Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Meng Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Daiwei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Naveen Dandu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL60608
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Michael Zepeda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL60608
| | - Haiying Wang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Anh T. Ngo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL60608
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Gunther Brunklaus
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Helmholtz Institute Münster, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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Xie J, Xue J, Wang H, Li J. Spatially isolating Li + reduction from Li deposition via a Li 22Sn 5 alloy protective layer for advanced Li metal anodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29797-29807. [PMID: 37886830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A Li alloy based artificial coating layer can improve the cyclic performance of Li metal anodes. However, the protective mechanism is not well clarified due to multiple components of the artificial layer and complicated interface in liquid electrolytes. Herein, a single-component Li22Sn5 alloy layer buffered Li anode is paired with a solid-state polymer electrolyte, where a metallic Sn film is sputtered onto the Li anode and the subsequent alloying reaction leads to the formation of a Li22Sn5 phase. During the striping/plating process, the thickness and composition of the Li-Sn alloy passivation layer remain unchanged. Meanwhile, Li+ ions are reduced on the top surface of the Li22Sn5 layer, then the reduced Li atoms immediately pass through the alloy layer, and finally dense Li deposition occurs beneath the protective layer, realizing spatial isolation of the electrochemical reduction of Li+ from Li nucleation/growth. This unique protection mechanism can principally avoid the formation of Li dendrites and efficiently mitigate irreversible reactions between the Li anode and the polymer electrolyte. The synergistic effects lead to a clean and flat surface of the protected Li electrode, enabling a prolonged cycle lifetime over 1300 h at 25 °C at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 0.1 mA h cm-2 in a configuration of symmetrical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China.
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, P. R. China.
| | - Hongyi Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jingze Li
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China.
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
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Cao M, Huang X, Li D, Gao X, Sheng L, Yu X, Xie X, Wang L, Wang T, He J. Lithiophilic Interface Layer Induced Uniform Deposition for Dendrite-free Lithium Metal Anodes in a 3D Polyethersulfone Frame. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20865-20875. [PMID: 37083338 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal anodes possess ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity for next-generation lithium metal batteries, but the infinite volume expansion and the growth of lithium dendrites remain a huge obstacle to their commercialization. Therefore, here, we construct a CuO-loaded 3D polyethersulfone (PES) nanofiber frame onto a lithiophilic Cu2O/Cu substrate to promote the lithium storage performance of the composite anode, and the 3D frame can effectively alleviate the volume expansion of lithium (Li) metal anodes. Meanwhile, lithium reacts with CuO in the composite nanofiber and Cu2O of the substrate to generate Li2O, which can strengthen the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and achieve the uniform deposition of lithium. In addition, the combination of the heat treatment method and electrospinning technology solves the problem of poor adhesion between the fiber film and the substrate. As a result, the PES/CuO-Cu2O (PCC) composite current collector still maintains a smooth and flat lithium-depositing layer at 5 mA cm-2. The PCC-assembled Li||Cu half-cell can operate stably for 320 cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2, which is about 4 times that of bare Cu. Furthermore, symmetrical batteries with PCC@Li can maintain excellent cycle stability for 1770 h. Accordingly, this work provides a low-cost and highly effective strategy for stabilizing the lithium metal anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Xianli Huang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Datuan Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Xingxu Gao
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sheng
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Yu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
| | - Jianping He
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, P. R. China
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Tan S, Kim JM, Corrao A, Ghose S, Zhong H, Rui N, Wang X, Senanayake S, Polzin BJ, Khalifah P, Xiao J, Liu J, Xu K, Yang XQ, Cao X, Hu E. Unravelling the convoluted and dynamic interphasial mechanisms on Li metal anodes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:243-249. [PMID: 36471109 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of the chemistry of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is key to developing new electrolytes for high-energy batteries using lithium metal (Li0) anodes1. SEI is generally believed to be formed by the reactions between Li0 and electrolyte2,3. However, our new study shows this is not the whole story. Through synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function analysis, we reveal a much more convoluted formation mechanism of SEI, which receives considerable contributions from electrolyte, cathode, moisture and native surface species on Li0, with highly dynamic nature during cycling. Using isotope labelling, we traced the origin of LiH to electrolyte solvent, moisture and a new source: the native surface species (LiOH) on pristine Li0. When lithium accessibility is very limited as in the case of anode-free cells, LiOH develops into plate-shaped large crystals during cycling. Alternatively, when the lithium source is abundant, as in the case of Li||NMC811 cells, LiOH reacts with Li0 to form LiH and Li2O. While the desired anion-derived LiF-rich SEI is typically found in the concentrated electrolytes or their derivatives, we found it can also be formed in low-concentration electrolyte via the crosstalk effect, emphasizing the importance of formation cycle protocol and opening up opportunities for low-cost electrolyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tan
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ju-Myung Kim
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Adam Corrao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sanjit Ghose
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Joint Photon Sciences Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ning Rui
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xuelong Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | - Bryant J Polzin
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Peter Khalifah
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kang Xu
- Battery Science Branch, Energy Science Division, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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