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Yan S, Cornil D, Cornil J, Beljonne D, Palacios-Rivera R, Ocal C, Barrena E. Polar Polymorphism: A New Intermediate Structure toward the Thin-Film Phase in Asymmetric Benzothieno[3,2- b][1]-benzothiophene Derivatives. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:585-595. [PMID: 38222937 PMCID: PMC10783425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding structure and polymorphism is relevant for any organic device optimization, and it is of particular relevance in 7-decyl-2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (Ph-BTBT-10) since high carrier mobility in Ph-BTBT-10 thin films has been linked to the structural transformation from the metastable thin-film phase to the thermodynamically stable bilayer structure via thermal annealing. We combine here a systematic nanoscale morphological analysis with local Kelvin probe force microcopy (KPFM) that demonstrates the formation of a polar polymorph in thin films as an intermediate structure for thicknesses lower than 20 nm. The polar structure develops with thickness a variable amount of structural defects in the form of individual flipped molecules (point defects) or sizable polar domains, and evolves toward the reported nonpolar thin-film phase. The direct experimental evidence is supported by electronic structure density functional theory calculations. The structure of the film has dramatic effects on the electronic properties, leading to a decrease in the film work function (by up to 1 eV) and a considerable broadening of the occupied molecular orbitals, attributed to electrostatic disorder. From an advanced characterization point of view, KPFM stands out as a valuable tool for evaluating electrostatic disorder and the conceivable emergence of polar polymorphs in organic thin films. The emergence of polar assemblies introduces a critical consideration for other asymmetric BTBT derivatives, which may be pivotal to understanding the structure-property relationships in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). A precise determination of any polar assemblies close to the dielectric interface is critical for the judicious design and upgrading of high-performance OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Yan
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cornil
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Rogger Palacios-Rivera
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ocal
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barrena
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Ferrari E, Pandolfi L, Schweicher G, Geerts Y, Salzillo T, Masino M, Venuti E. Interlayer Sliding Phonon Drives Phase Transition in the Ph-BTBT-10 Organic Semiconductor. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:5777-5783. [PMID: 37576586 PMCID: PMC10413852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In the field of organic electronics, the semiconductor 7-decyl-2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (Ph-BTBT-10) has become a benchmark due to its high charge mobility and chemical stability in thin film devices. Its phase diagram is characterized by a crystal phase with a bilayer structure that at high temperature transforms into a Smectic E liquid crystal with monolayer structure. As the charge transport properties appear to depend on the phase present in the thin film, the transition has been the subject of structural and computational studies. Here such a process has been investigated by polarized low frequency Raman spectroscopy, selectively probing the intermolecular dynamics of the two phases. The spectroscopic observations demonstrate the key role played by a displacive component of the transition, with the interpenetration of the crystal bilayers driven by lattice phonon mode softening followed by the intralayer rearrangement of the molecule rigid cores into the herringbone motif of the liquid crystal. The mechanism can be related to the effectiveness of thermal annealing to restore the crystal phase in films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferrari
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della
Sostenibilità Ambientale & INSTM-UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pandolfi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” & INSTM-UdR
Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- International
Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry Université Libre
de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard
du Triomphe, CP 206/01, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” & INSTM-UdR
Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Matteo Masino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della
Sostenibilità Ambientale & INSTM-UdR Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” & INSTM-UdR
Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
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Ren C, Cao L, Wu T. Meniscus-Guided Deposition of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films: Materials, Mechanism, and Application in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300151. [PMID: 36869409 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable organic semiconductors are one of the promising materials for the next generation of organic electronic products, which call for high-performance materials and mature processing technologies. Among many solution processing methods, meniscus-guided coating (MGC) techniques have the advantages of large-area, low-cost, adjustable film aggregation, and good compatibility with the roll-to-roll process, showing good research results in the preparation of high-performance organic field-effect transistors. In this review, the types of MGC techniques are first listed and the relevant mechanisms (wetting mechanism, fluid mechanism, and deposition mechanism) are introduced. The MGC processes are focused and the effect of the key coating parameters on the thin film morphology and performance with examples is illustrated. Then, the performance of transistors based on small molecule semiconductors and polymer semiconductor thin films prepared by various MGC techniques is summarized. In the third section, various recent thin film morphology control strategies combined with the MGCs are introduced. Finally, the advanced progress of large-area transistor arrays and the challenges for roll-to-roll processes are presented using MGCs. Nowadays, the application of MGCs is still in the exploration stage, its mechanism is still unclear, and the precise control of film deposition still needs experience accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxing Ren
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Long Cao
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Ti Wu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
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Fijahi L, Li J, Tamayo A, Volpi M, Schweicher G, Geerts YH, Mas-Torrent M. High throughput processing of dinaphtho[2,3- b:2',3'- f]thieno[3,2- b]thiophene (DNTT) organic semiconductors. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:230-236. [PMID: 36472089 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of organic semiconductors (OSCs) using solution shearing deposition techniques is highly appealing for device implementation. However, when using high deposition speeds, it is necessary to use very concentrated OSC solutions. The OSCs based on the family of dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) have been shown to be excellent OSCs due to their high mobility and stability. However, their limited solubility hinders the processing of these materials at high speed. Here, we report the conditions to process alkylated DNTT and the S-shaped π-core derivative S-DNTT by bar-assisted meniscus shearing (BAMS) at high speed (i.e., 10 mm s-1). In all the cases, homogeneous thin films were successfully prepared, although we found that the gain in solubility achieved with the S-DNTT derivative strongly facilitated solution processing, achieving a field-effect mobility of 2.1 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the mobility found for the less soluble linear derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Fijahi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jinghai Li
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Adrián Tamayo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Martina Volpi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 231, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Zaborin EA, Borshchev OV, Skorotetskii MS, Gorodov VV, Bakirov AV, Polinskaya MS, Chvalun SN, Ponomarenko SA. Synthesis and Thermal and Phase Behavior of Polysiloxanes with Grafted Dialkyl-Substituted [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene Groups. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Highly Efficient Contact Doping for High-Performance Organic UV-Sensitive Phototransistors. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) phototransistors are promising for diverse applications. However, wide-bandgap organic semiconductors (OSCs) with intense UV absorption tend to exhibit large contact resistance (Rc) because of an energy-level mismatch with metal electrodes. Herein, we discovered that the molecular dopant of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) was more efficient than the transition metal oxide dopant of MoO3 in doping a wide-bandgap OSC, although the former showed smaller electron affinity (EA). By efficient contact doping, a low Rc of 889 Ω·cm and a high mobility of 13.89 cm2V−1s−1 were achieved. As a result, UV-sensitive phototransistors showed high photosensitivity and responsivity.
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7
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Prakoso SP, Ke Y, Huang D, Wang C, Tao Y. Molecularly aligned films of [1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene derivatives by
solution shearing
: Effect of alkyl substitution on morphology and charge transporting property. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhendro Purbo Prakoso
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yao‐Jin Ke
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Chien‐Lung Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Tai Tao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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8
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Salzillo T, Giunchi A, Pandolfi L, Brillante A, Venuti E. Bulk and Surface‐Mediated Polymorphs of Bio‐Inspired Dyes Organic Semiconductors: The Role of Lattice Phonons in their Investigation. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Salzillo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute of Science Herzl Street 234 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Andrea Giunchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pandolfi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Aldo Brillante
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, and INSTM-UdR Bologna Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 Bologna 40136 Italy
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