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Shi P, Wu Z, Liu Y, Zhang G, Zhang C. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on metal-organic framework to imporve enzyme activity for enhanced chemodynamic therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112394. [PMID: 37864880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Bio-enzymes have the advantages of strong substrate specificity, high catalytic efficiency, and minimal toxic side effects, making them promising drugs in cancer therapy. However, the poor stability and cellular penetrability of uncoated protein in the physiological environment severely restricts the direct application of Bio-enzyme. To address it, we report a metal-organic framework (MOF), Hf-DBA (H2DBA, biphenyl carboxylic acid ligands). The morphology of the Hf-DBA was revealed by TEM and the diameter was in the range of 200 to 350 nm. Hf-DBA acted a carrier for intracellular delivery and protection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The prepared HRP@Hf-DBA can catalyze the excess H2O2 in the tumor cells to generation of •OH for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Compared with free HRP, the catalytic activity of HRP@Hf-DBA is significantly improved, and the optimal catalytic conditions are explored. The catalytic stability of HRP@Hf-DBA remained above 70% after 12 cycles of catalysis. After treatment with HRP@Hf-DBA, the apoptosis rates of A549 and Hela cells was 71.64%, and 76.86%. The results in vitro show that HRP@Hf-DBA can effectively inhibit the growth of tumor cells through enhanced CDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Ziyong Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Yingyan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Guoda Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Chuangli Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China.
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2
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Zimmermann M, Gerken LRH, Wee S, Kissling VM, Neuer AL, Tsolaki E, Gogos A, Lukatskaya MR, Herrmann IK. X-ray radio-enhancement by Ti 3C 2T x MXenes in soft tissue sarcoma. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7826-7837. [PMID: 37878039 PMCID: PMC10697419 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00607g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment. However, due to the low tissue specificity of ionizing radiation, damage to the surrounding healthy tissue of the tumor remains a significant challenge. In recent years, radio-enhancers based on inorganic nanomaterials have gained considerable interest. Beyond the widely explored metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, 2D materials, such as MXenes, could present potential benefits because of their inherently large specific surface area. In this study, we highlight the promising radio-enhancement properties of Ti3C2Tx MXenes. We demonstrate that atomically thin layers of titanium carbides (Ti3C2Tx MXenes) are efficiently internalized and well-tolerated by mammalian cells. Contrary to MXenes suspended in aqueous buffers, which fully oxidize within days, yielding rice-grain shaped rutile nanoparticles, the MXenes internalized by cells oxidize at a slower rate. This is consistent with cell-free experiments that have shown slower oxidation rates in cell media and lysosomal buffers compared to dispersants without antioxidants. Importantly, the MXenes exhibit robust radio-enhancement properties, with dose enhancement factors reaching up to 2.5 in human soft tissue sarcoma cells, while showing no toxicity to healthy human fibroblasts. When compared to oxidized MXenes and commercial titanium dioxide nanoparticles, the intact 2D titanium carbide flakes display superior radio-enhancement properties. In summary, our findings offer evidence for the potent radio-enhancement capabilities of Ti3C2Tx MXenes, marking them as a promising candidate for enhancing radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zimmermann
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas R H Gerken
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Shianlin Wee
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vera M Kissling
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anna L Neuer
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tsolaki
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maria R Lukatskaya
- Electrochemical Energy Systems Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
- The Ingenuity Lab, University Hospital Balgrist, Balgrist Campus, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Neuer AL, Herrmann IK, Gogos A. Biochemical transformations of inorganic nanomedicines in buffers, cell cultures and organisms. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18139-18155. [PMID: 37946534 PMCID: PMC10667590 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanomedicine is rapidly evolving, with new materials and formulations being reported almost daily. In this respect, inorganic and inorganic-organic composite nanomaterials have gained significant attention. However, the use of new materials in clinical trials and their final approval as drugs has been hampered by several challenges, one of which is the complex and difficult to control nanomaterial chemistry that takes place within the body. Several reviews have summarized investigations on inorganic nanomaterial stability in model body fluids, cell cultures, and organisms, focusing on their degradation as well as the influence of corona formation. However, in addition to these aspects, various chemical reactions of nanomaterials, including phase transformation and/or the formation of new/secondary nanomaterials, have been reported. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of biochemical transformations of medically relevant inorganic (composite) nanomaterials in environments related to their applications. We provide a refined terminology for the primary reaction mechanisms involved to bridge the gaps between different disciplines involved in this research. Furthermore, we highlight suitable analytical techniques that can be harnessed to explore the described reactions. Finally, we highlight opportunities to utilize them for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and discuss current challenges and research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Neuer
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Gerken LRH, Gerdes ME, Pruschy M, Herrmann IK. Prospects of nanoparticle-based radioenhancement for radiotherapy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4059-4082. [PMID: 37555747 PMCID: PMC10544071 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a key pillar of solid cancer treatment. Despite a high level of conformal dose deposition, radiotherapy is limited due to co-irradiation of organs at risk and subsequent normal tissue toxicities. Nanotechnology offers an attractive opportunity for increasing the efficacy and safety of cancer radiotherapy. Leveraging the freedom of design and the growing synthetic capabilities of the nanomaterial-community, a variety of engineered nanomaterials have been designed and investigated as radiosensitizers or radioenhancers. While research so far has been primarily focused on gold nanoparticles and other high atomic number materials to increase the absorption cross section of tumor tissue, recent studies are challenging the traditional concept of high-Z nanoparticle radioenhancers and highlight the importance of catalytic activity. This review provides a concise overview on the knowledge of nanoparticle radioenhancement mechanisms and their quantification. It critically discusses potential radioenhancer candidate materials and general design criteria for different radiation therapy modalities, and concludes with research priorities in order to advance the development of nanomaterials, to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and to increase at the same time the therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas R H Gerken
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Maren E Gerdes
- Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering (IEPE), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT), ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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5
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Neuer AL, Geck D, Gogos A, Kissling VM, Balfourier A, Herrmann IK. Nanoanalytical Insights into the Stability, Intracellular Fate, and Biotransformation of Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38367-38380. [PMID: 37549199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have found increasing applications in the biomedical field due to their unique properties and high modularity. Although the limited stability of MOFs in biological environments is increasingly recognized, analytical techniques have not yet been harnessed to their full potential to assess the biological fate of MOFs. Here, we investigate the environment-dependent biochemical transformations of widely researched nanosized MOFs (nMOFs) under conditions relevant to their medical application. We assess the chemical stability of antimicrobial zinc-based drug delivery nMOFs (Zn-ZIF-8 and Zn-ZIF-8:Ce) and radio-enhancer candidate nMOFs (Hf-DBA, Ti-MIL-125, and TiZr-PCN-415) containing biologically nonessential group IV metal ions. We reveal that even a moderate decrease in pH to values encountered in lysosomes (pH 4.5-5) leads to significant dissolution of ZIF-8 and partial dissolution of Ti-MIL-125, whereas no substantial dissolution was observed for TiZr-PCN-415 and Hf-DBA nMOFs. Exposure to phosphate-rich buffers led to phosphate incorporation in all nMOFs, resulting in amorphization and morphological changes. Interestingly, long-term cell culture studies revealed that nMOF (bio)transformations of, e.g., Ti-MIL-125 were cellular compartment-dependent and that the phosphate content in the nMOF varied significantly between nMOFs localized in lysosomes and those in the cytoplasm. These results illustrate the delicate nature and environment-dependent properties of nMOFs across all stages of their life cycle, including storage, formulation, and application, and the need for in-depth analyses of biotransformations for an improved understanding of structure-function relationships. The findings encourage the considerate choice of suspension buffers for MOFs because these media may lead to significant material alterations prior to application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Neuer
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Geck
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vera M Kissling
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alice Balfourier
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Neuer AL, Vogel A, Gogos A, Kissling VM, Tsolaki E, Herrmann IK. Metal-Organic Framework Mediated Radio-Enhancement Assessed in High-Throughput-Compatible 3D Tumor Spheroid Co-Cultures. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023:e2300075. [PMID: 37178330 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials have gained increasing attention in radiation oncology, owing to their radiation therapy enhancing properties. To accelerate candidate material selection and overcome the disconnect between conventional 2D cell culture and in vivo findings, screening platforms unifying high-throughput with physiologically relevant endpoint analysis based on 3D in vitro models are promising. Here, a 3D tumor spheroid co-culture model based on cancerous and healthy human cells is presented for the concurrent assessment of radio-enhancement efficacy, toxicity, and intratissural biodistribution with full ultrastructural context of radioenhancer candidate materials. Its potential for rapid candidate materials screening is showcased based on the example of nano-sized metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) and direct benchmarking against gold nanoparticles (the current "gold standard"). Dose enhancement factors (DEFs) ranging between 1.4 and 1.8 are measured for Hf-, Ti-, TiZr-, and Au-based materials in 3D tissues and are overall lower than in 2D cell cultures, where DEF values exceeding 2 are found. In summary, the presented co-cultured tumor spheroid-healthy fibroblast model with tissue-like characteristics may serve as high-throughput platform enabling rapid, cell line-specific endpoint analysis for therapeutic efficacy and toxicity assessment, as well as accelerated radio-enhancer candidate screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Neuer
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Vera M Kissling
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tsolaki
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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