1
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Jia X, Kanbaiguli M, Zhang B, Huang Y, Peydayesh M, Huang Q. Anisotropic Chitosan-nanocellulose/Zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8 aerogel for sustainable dye removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:298-309. [PMID: 39032416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Assembling microscopic metal-organic frameworks into macroscopic polymeric scaffolds to develop highly renewable materials has been a promising yet challenging area of research. Herein, chitosan (CS) blended with nano-cellulose (NC) was unidirectionally transformed into an aerogel with oriented macropores and then biomineralized with zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) to form a hierarchical structured chitosan-nanocellulose/zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8 (CS-NC-ZIF-8) hybrid aerogel. Incorporating ZIF-8 significantly increases the versatility and mechanical strength with a Young's modulus of 14.18 MPa of the CS-NC aerogel. The incorporation of ZIF-8 into the aerogel not only enhances its adsorption capacity for methylene blue, rhodamine B, acid fuchsin, and methyl orange, but also facilitates the generation of electrons from water that can be transferred to degrade > 90 % of malachite green within 90 min in each catalytic cycle, and this capability was maintained for at least 10 consecutive cycles. Remarkably, the hybrid aerogel was highly renewable after the adsorption of cationic dyes and catalytic removal of malachite green. With its facile production process, high removal efficiency, affordable and green nature, and excellent regeneration feasibility, the CS-NC-ZIF-8 aerogel stands as a promising solution for addressing challenges associated with dye-contaminated water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangze Jia
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhefuli Kanbaiguli
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Mohammad Peydayesh
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China.
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2
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Guan C, Wang C, Fu S. Food Protein Nanofibril Gels: From Conditions, Types and Properties to Applications. Foods 2024; 13:2173. [PMID: 39063257 PMCID: PMC11276258 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many food proteins can be assembled into nanofibrils under pH conditions far from the isoelectric point and with a low ionic strength by heating them for a long period. These food protein nanofibrils (FPN) have outstanding functional and biological properties and are considered sustainable biomaterials in many fields. In this study, we review the recent developments in FPN gels and introduce the key factors in promoting food protein self-assembly in order to create functional gels. The major variables discussed are the morphology of nanofibrils, protein concentration, heating time, and the type and concentration of salts. We also highlight current advances in the formation and properties of different types of FPN gels. In addition, the various applications of FPN gels in bioactive and nutrient delivery, adsorbents for CO2 and toxic pollutants, cell scaffolding biomaterials, biosensors, and others are introduced and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guan
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- Quality Supervising and Testing Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs for Agricultural Products and Processed Goods, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shixin Fu
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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3
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Chen J, Shi H, Gong M, Chen H, Teng L, Xu P, Wang Y, Hu Z, Zeng Z. β-Lactoglobulin-based aerogels: Facile preparation and sustainable removal of organic contaminants from water. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132856. [PMID: 38834118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Economically and efficiently removing organic pollutants from water is still a challenge in wastewater treatment. Utilizing environmentally friendly and readily available protein-based natural polymers to develop aerogels with effective removal performance and sustainable regeneration capability is a promising strategy for adsorbent design. Here, a robust and cost-effective method using inexpensive β-lactoglobulin (BLG) as raw material was proposed to fabricate BLG-based aerogels. Firstly, photocurable BLG-based polymers were synthesized by grafting glycidyl methacrylate. Then, a cross-linking reaction, including photo-crosslinking and salting-out treatment, was applied to prepared BLG-based hydrogels. Finally, the BLG-based aerogels with high porosity and ultralight weight were obtained after freeze-drying. The outcomes revealed that the biocompatible BLG-based aerogels exhibited effective removal performance for a variety of organic pollutants under perfectly quiescent conditions, and could be regenerated and reused many times via a simple and rapid process of acid washing and centrifugation. Overall, this work not only demonstrates that BLG-based aerogels are promising adsorbents for water purification but also provides a potential way for the sustainable utilization of BLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering/Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China.
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China
| | - Min Gong
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering/Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China
| | - Lijing Teng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering/Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China
| | - Pu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering/Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China.
| | - Zuquan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering/Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China.
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering/Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, PR China.
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4
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Peydayesh M, Boschi E, Bagnani M, Tay D, Donat F, Almohammadi H, Li M, Usuelli M, Shiroka T, Mezzenga R. Hybrid Amyloid-Chitin Nanofibrils for Magnetic and Catalytic Aerogels. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6690-6701. [PMID: 38345899 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for a sustainable and circular economy, it is essential to explore environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional petroleum-based materials. A promising pathway toward this goal lies in the leveraging of biopolymers derived from food waste, such as proteins and polysaccharides, to develop advanced sustainable materials. Here, we design versatile hybrid materials by hybridizing amyloid nanofibrils derived by self-assembly of whey, a dairy byproduct, with chitin nanofibrils exfoliated from the two distinct allomorphs of α-chitin and β-chitin, extracted from seafood waste. Various hydrogels and aerogels were developed via the hybridization and reassembly of these biopolymeric nanobuilding blocks, and they were further magnetized upon biomineralization with iron nanoparticles. The pH-phase diagram highlights the significant role of electrostatic interactions in gel formation, between positively charged amyloid fibrils and negatively charged chitin nanofibrils. Hybrid magnetic aerogels exhibit a ferromagnetic response characterized by a low coercivity (<50 Oe) and a high specific magnetization (>40 emu/g) at all temperatures, making them particularly suitable for superparamagnetic applications. Additionally, these aerogels exhibit a distinct magnetic transition, featuring a higher blocking temperature (200 K) compared to previously reported similar nanoparticles (160 K), indicating enhanced magnetic stability at elevated temperatures. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of these hybrid magnetic materials as catalysts for carbon monoxide oxidation, showcasing their potential in environmental pollution control and highlighting their versatility as catalyst supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Peydayesh
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Boschi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Massimo Bagnani
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Tay
- Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Donat
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Almohammadi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mingqin Li
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Usuelli
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toni Shiroka
- Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Dong Z, Peydayesh M, Donat F, Jin T, Li T, Müller CR, Mezzenga R. Amine-Functionalized Amyloid Aerogels for CO 2 Capture. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300767. [PMID: 37681554 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions constitutes an increasingly dire threat to human life. Reducing CO2 emissions alone may not be sufficient to address this issue, so that the development of emerging adsorbents for the direct capture of CO2 from the air becomes essential. Here, we apply amyloid fibrils derived from different food proteins as the solid adsorbent support and develop aminosilane-modified amyloid fibril-templated aerogels for CO2 capture applications. The results indicate that the CO2 sorption properties of the aerogels depend on the mixing ratio of aminosilane featuring different amine groups and the type of amyloid fibril used. Notably, amine-functionalized β-lactoglobulin (BLG) fibril-templated aerogels show the highest CO2 adsorption capacity of 51.52 mg (1.17 mmol) CO2 /g at 1 bar CO2 and 25.5 mg (0.58 mmol) CO2 /g at 400 ppm; similarly, the CO2 adsorption capacity of chitosan-BLG fibril hybrid aerogels is superior to that of pure chitosan. This study provides a proof-of-concept design for an amyloid fibril-templated hybrid material facilitating applications of protein-based adsorbents for CO2 capture, including direct air capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Dong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Peydayesh
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Donat
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tonghui Jin
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Christoph R Müller
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Zhang X, Razanajatovo MR, Du X, Wang S, Feng L, Wan S, Chen N, Zhang Q. Well-designed protein amyloid nanofibrils composites as versatile and sustainable materials for aquatic environment remediation: A review. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2023; 2:264-277. [PMID: 38435357 PMCID: PMC10902511 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid nanofibrils (ANFs) are supramolecular polymers originally classified as pathological markers in various human degenerative diseases. However, in recent years, ANFs have garnered greater interest and are regarded as nature-based sustainable biomaterials in environmental science, material engineering, and nanotechnology. On a laboratory scale, ANFs can be produced from food proteins via protein unfolding, misfolding, and hydrolysis. Furthermore, ANFs have specific structural characteristics such as a high aspect ratio, good rigidity, chemical stability, and a controllable sequence. These properties make them a promising functional material in water decontamination research. As a result, the fabrication and application of ANFs and their composites in water purification have recently gained considerable attention. Despite the large amount of literature in this field, there is a lack of systematic review to assess the gap in using ANFs and their composites to remove contaminants from water. This review discusses significant advancements in design techniques as well as the physicochemical properties of ANFs-based composites. We also emphasize the current progress in using ANFs-based composites to remove inorganic, organic, and biological contaminants. The interaction mechanisms between ANFs-based composites and contaminants are also highlighted. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities associated with the future preparation and application of ANFs-based composites. We anticipate that this review will shed new light on the future design and use of ANFs-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mamitiana Roger Razanajatovo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xuedong Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Li Feng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shunli Wan
- College of Life & Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Ningyi Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qingrui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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7
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Luo L, Xu C, Shi W, Liu Q, Ou-Yang Y, Qian J, Wang Y, Li Q. In Situ Growth of Sub-50-nm Zirconium Aminobenzenedicarboxylate Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals for Carbon Dioxide Capture. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8437-8443. [PMID: 37712903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of sub-50-nm metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are usually called porous coordination polymers, exhibits huge potential applications in gas storage and separation. Herein, surface-confined growth of zirconium aminobenzenedicarboxylate MOF (UIO-66-NH2) nanocrystals on polypyrrole hollow spheres (PPyHSs) is achieved through covalently grafted benzene dicarboxylic acid ligands using bridged molecules. PPyHSs modified with ligand molecules prohibit excessive growth of UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals on their confined surface, resulting in smaller-sized nanocrystals (<50 nm) and a monolayer UIO-66-NH2 coating. Benefiting from the homogeneous dispersion of UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals with a smaller size (40 ± 10 nm), the as-prepared PPyHSs@UIO-66-NH2 hybrids with high specific surface area and pore volume exhibit remarkable CO2 capture performance. Moreover, the time required to reach the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity shortens with decreasing UIO-66-NH2 crystals size. As a proof of concept, the proposed covalent grafting strategy can be used for synthesizing sub-50-nm UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals for CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangmei Luo
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Shi
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Ou-Yang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Qian
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Yuan Y, Solin N. Protein-Based Flexible Conductive Aerogels for Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3360-3370. [PMID: 35694974 PMCID: PMC9297298 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
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Gelatin is an excellent
gelling agent and is widely employed for
hydrogel formation. Because of the poor mechanical properties of gelatin
when dry, gelatin-aerogels are comparatively rare. Herein we demonstrate
that protein nanofibrils can be employed to improve the mechanical
properties of gelatin aerogels, and the materials can moreover be
functionalized with a an electrically conductive polyelectrolyte resulting
in formation of an elastic electrically conductive aerogel that can
be employed as a piezoresistive pressure sensor. The aerogel sensor
shows a good linear relationship in a wide pressure range (1.8–300
kPa) with a sensitivity of 1.8 kPa–1. This work
presents a convenient way to produce electrically conductive elastic
aerogels from low-cost protein precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Yuan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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