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Dai L, Fu Y, Wei M, Wang F, Tian B, Wang G, Li S, Ding M. Harnessing Electro-Descriptors for Mechanistic and Machine Learning Analysis of Photocatalytic Organic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19019-19029. [PMID: 38963153 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has emerged as an effective tool for addressing the contemporary challenges in organic synthesis. However, the trial-and-error-based screening of feasible substrates and optimal reaction conditions remains time-consuming and potentially expensive in industrial practice. Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical-based data-acquisition approach that derives a simple set of redox-relevant electro-descriptors for effective mechanistic analysis and performance evaluation through machine learning (ML) in photocatalytic synthesis. These electro-descriptors correlate to the quantification of shifted charge transfer processes in response to the photoirradiation and enabled construction of reactivity diagram where high-yield reactive "hot zones" can reflect subtle changes of the reaction system. For the model reaction of photocatalytic deoxygenation reaction, the influence of varying carboxylic acids (substrate A, oxidation-intended) and alkenes (substrate B, reduction-intended) and varying reaction conditions on the reaction yield can be visualized, while mathematical analysis of the electro-descriptor patterns further revealed distinct mechanistic/kinetic impacts from different substrates and conditions. Additionally, in the application of ML algorithms, the experimentally derived electro-descriptors reflect an overall redox kinetic outcome contributed from vast reaction parameters, serving as a capable means to reduce the dimensionality in the case of complex multiparameter chemical space. As a result, utilization of electro-descriptors enabled efficient and robust quantitative evaluation of chemical reactivity, demonstrating promising potential of introducing operando-relevant experimental insights in the data-driven chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Yang Y, Yu X, He N, Huang X, Song X, Chen J, Lin J, Jin Y. FeCl 3-catalyzed oxidative amidation of benzylic C-H bonds enabled by a photogenerated chlorine-radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10299-10302. [PMID: 37551442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of iron-catalyzed benzylic C-H oxidative amidation reactions via photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). These reactions exhibit a broad substrate scope (60 examples) and offer operationally simple, scalable procedures for accessing valuable products from methylarenes in a single step. Mechanistic studies and control experiments confirm the participation of a photogenerated chlorine radical in facilitating the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the benzylic C-H bond to initiate the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xianglin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xizhong Song
- Jianxi Zhiheng Hall Chinese Herbal Medicine Co. Ltd., Jianxi, 331200, P. R. China.
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
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Wang K, Du X, Zhang P, Wei Z, Cao XT. Metal-free C-3 selective C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) heteroarylation of anilines with imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine derivatives via cross-dehydrogenative coupling. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21685-21689. [PMID: 37476046 PMCID: PMC10355276 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A general and straightforward method for the regioselective construction of C-3 heteroaryl-containing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via cross-dehydrogenative coupling under transition-metal-free conditions has been reported, utilizing N,N-dimethylaniline as the methylenation source and furnishing the C(sp2)-C(sp3) functionalized products in good to excellent yields. Mechanism studies indicate that a radical pathway is responsible for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Zhenjiang Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong Medicine Technician College Taian 271016 China
| | - Xian-Ting Cao
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University Jining 272067 China
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Liu C, Chen HN, Xiao TF, Hu XQ, Xu PF, Xu GQ. Organic photoredox catalyzed dealkylation/acylation of tertiary amines to access amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2003-2006. [PMID: 36723060 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A mild metal-free C-N bond activation strategy for the direct conversion of inert tertiary amines with acyl chlorides into tertiary amides via organic photoredox catalysis is presented. In this protocol, a novel organic photocatalyst (Cz-NI-Ph) that showed excellent catalytic performance during C-N bond cleavage is developed. Moreover, this reaction features green and mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and readily available raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Han-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Teng-Fei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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Alam T, Rakshit A, Dhara HN, Palai A, Patel BK. Electrochemical Amidation: Benzoyl Hydrazine/Carbazate and Amine as Coupling Partners. Org Lett 2022; 24:6619-6624. [PMID: 36069423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical amidation of benzoyl hydrazine/carbazate and primary/secondary amine as coupling partners via concomitant cleavage and formation of C(sp2)-N bonds has been achieved. This methodology proceeds under metal-free and exogenous oxidant-free conditions producing N2 and H2 as byproducts. Mechanistic studies reveal the in situ generations of both acyl and N-centered radicals from benzoyl hydrazines and amines. The utility of this protocol is demonstrated through a large-scale, and synthesis of bezafibrate, a hyperlipidemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Amitava Rakshit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Hirendra Nath Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Angshuman Palai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
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