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Ahmed S, Das H, González-Pinardo D, Fernández I, Phukan AK. Mono(Lewis Base)-Stabilized Gallium Iodide: An Unexplored Class of Promising Ligands. Chemistry 2023:e202303746. [PMID: 38109193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-chemical (DFT) calculations on hitherto unknown base(carbene)-stabilized gallium monoiodides (LB→GaI) suggest that these systems feature one lone pair of electrons and a formally vacant p-orbital - both centered at the central gallium atom - and exhibit metallomimetic behavior. The calculated reaction free energies as well as bond dissociation energies suggest that these LB→GaI systems are capable of forming stable donor-acceptor complexes with group 13 trichlorides. Examination of the ligand exchange reactions with iron and nickel complexes indicates their potential use as ligands in transition metal chemistry. In addition, it is found that the title compounds are also able to activate various enthalpically robust bonds. Further, a detailed mechanistic investigation of these small molecule activation processes reveals the non-innocent behavior of the carbene (base) moiety attached to the GaI fragment, thereby indicating the cooperative nature of these bond activation processes. The energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and activation strain model (ASM) of reactivity were also employed to quantitatively understand and rationalize the different activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahtaz Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University Napam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Himashri Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University Napam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Daniel González-Pinardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, -Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, -Madrid, Spain
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University Napam, 784028, Assam, India
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Zhu Q, Chen S, Chen D, Lin L, Xiao K, Zhao L, Solà M, Zhu J. The application of aromaticity and antiaromaticity to reaction mechanisms. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:926-938. [PMID: 38933008 PMCID: PMC11197727 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aromaticity, in general, can promote a given reaction by stabilizing a transition state or a product via a mobility of π electrons in a cyclic structure. Similarly, such a promotion could be also achieved by destabilizing an antiaromatic reactant. However, both aromaticity and transition states cannot be directly measured in experiment. Thus, computational chemistry has been becoming a key tool to understand the aromaticity-driven reaction mechanisms. In this review, we will analyze the relationship between aromaticity and reaction mechanism to highlight the importance of density functional theory calculations and present it according to an approach via either aromatizing a transition state/product or destabilizing a reactant by antiaromaticity. Specifically, we will start with a particularly challenging example of dinitrogen activation followed by other small-molecule activation, C-F bond activation, rearrangement, as well as metathesis reactions. In addition, antiaromaticity-promoted dihydrogen activation, CO2 capture, and oxygen reduction reactions will be also briefly discussed. Finally, caution must be cast as the magnitude of the aromaticity in the transition states is not particularly high in most cases. Thus, a proof of an adequate electron delocalization rather than a complete ring current is recommended to support the relatively weak aromaticity in these transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), SICAM, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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Faizan M, Kumar A, Raghasudha M, Pawar R. PIO and IBO analysis to unravel the hidden details of the CO 2 sequestration mechanism of aromatically tempered N/B-based IFLPs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24809-24818. [PMID: 37671753 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02928j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the catalytic reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) in various activities such as CO2 activation and sequestration has recently gained interest among researchers around the globe. A recent investigation showed the use of aromaticity as a tool to modulate the catalytic behaviour of FLPs, establishing a whole new dimension in this area. In this work, aromatically tempered N/B-based intramolecular frustrated Lewis Pairs (IFLPs) are proposed for CO2 sequestration. Density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations were carried out to probe the reaction mechanism. The detailed mechanistic investigation was carried out using intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), principal interacting orbital (PIO), intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) and natural bonding orbital (NBO) analyses. The results show that aromatic gain in the system at the basic sites lowers the activation barrier, whereas the antiaromatic gain results in increased activation energy. The sequestration mechanism was found to be an asynchronous concerted mechanism, and polar solvents result in higher asynchronicity. This work, for the first time, reports asynchronicity in the catalytic behavior of aromatically tempered IFLPs, which can be crucial to designing better IFLPs for CO2 sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Faizan
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
| | - Mucherla Raghasudha
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India.
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Huang S, Yan X. Rational Design to Activate Tetrafluoromethane by Two-Coordinate Borinium. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3518-3524. [PMID: 36795939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) is quite challenging. The current methods have a high decomposition rate but are expensive, and therefore, their widespread use is limited. Here, inspired by the successful C-F activation within saturated fluorocarbons, we have designed a rational approach based on two-coordinate borinium for activating CF4 using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our calculations predict that this approach is both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
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