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Tao Y, Guan J, Zhang J, Hu S, Ma R, Zheng H, Gong J, Zhuang Z, Liu S, Ou H, Wang D, Xiong Y. Ruthenium Single Atomic Sites Surrounding the Support Pit with Exceptional Photocatalytic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400625. [PMID: 38556897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Single-metal atomic sites and vacancies can accelerate the transfer of photogenerated electrons and enhance photocatalytic performance in photocatalysis. In this study, a series of nickel hydroxide nanoboards (Ni(OH)x NBs) with different loadings of single-atomic Ru sites (w-SA-Ru/Ni(OH)x) were synthesized via a photoreduction strategy. In such catalysts, single-atomic Ru sites are anchored to the vacancies surrounding the pits. Notably, the SA-Ru/Ni(OH)x with 0.60 wt % Ru loading (0.60-SA-Ru/Ni(OH)x) exhibits the highest catalytic performance (27.6 mmol g-1 h-1) during the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 (CO2RR). Either superfluous (0.64 wt %, 18.9 mmol g-1 h-1; 3.35 wt %, 9.4 mmol-1 h-1) or scarce (0.06 wt %, 15.8 mmol g-1 h-1; 0.29 wt %, 21.95 mmol g-1 h-1; 0.58 wt %, 23.4 mmol g-1 h-1) of Ru sites have negative effect on its catalytic properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with experimental results revealed that CO2 can be adsorbed in the pits; single-atomic Ru sites can help with the conversion of as-adsorbed CO2 and lower the energy of *COOH formation accelerating the reaction; the excessive single-atomic Ru sites occupy vacancies that retard the completion of CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jianping Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shouyao Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Runze Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Huanran Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jiaxin Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zechao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shoujie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Honghui Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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2
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Wu Z, Hu X, Cai C, Wang Y, Li X, Wen J, Li B, Gong H. Controlled three-dimensional leaf-like NiCoO 2@NiCo layered double hydroxide heterostructures for oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:75-82. [PMID: 38035421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have garnered attention as a viable choice for large-scale energy storage due to their advantageous characteristics, such as high energy density and cost-effectiveness. Strategies aimed at improving the kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) through advanced electrocatalytic materials or structural designs can significantly enhance the efficiency and longevity of ZABs. In this study, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) leaf-vein system heterojunction architecture. In this structure, NiCoO2 nanowire arrays form the central vein, surrounded by an outer leaf composed of NiCo layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets. All these components are integrated onto a substrate made of Ni foam. Notably, when tested in an alkaline environment, the NiCoO2@NiCo LDH exhibited an overpotential of 272 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, and extended durability evaluations over 12 h underscored its robustness at 99.76 %. The rechargeable ZABs achieved a peak power density of 149 mW cm-2. Furthermore, the NiCoO2@NiCo LDH demonstrated stability by maintaining high round-trip efficiencies throughout more than 680 cycles (equivalent to 340 h) under galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling at 5 mA cm-2. The leaf-vein system heterojunction significantly increased the active sites of the catalysts, facilitating charge transport, improving electronic conductivity, and enhancing overall stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Wu
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
| | - Chengbin Cai
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Jie Wen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Bangxing Li
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Hengxiang Gong
- School of Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Energy Materials Technology and Systems, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
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3
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Fu Q, Wang H, Nie K, Wang X, Ren J, Wang R. Phosphorus/sulfur co-doped heterogeneous NiCoP xS y nanoarrays boosting overall water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:443-453. [PMID: 37725874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In the large-scale implementation of renewable energy devices, the availability of stable and highly catalytic non-precious metal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial. Meanwhile, integrating bifunctional electrocatalysts simultaneously on both the anode and cathode still faces challenges. To address this, a stepped preparation strategy was adopted on a nickel foam (NF) substrate to synthesize P, S co-doped NiCoPxSy nanowire array catalysts. The prepared NiCoPxSy catalysts demonstrated a small Tafel slope of 72.5 mV dec-1 for HER and 72.3 mV dec-1 for OER by requiring only 37 mV (326 mV) overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 (50 mA cm-2). Moreover, when assembled into an electrolytic cell in 1 M KOH, the NiCoPxSy catalysts achieved a low voltage of 1.55 V at 10 mA cm-2 current density and exhibited long-term stability. The outstanding electrocatalytic performance can be attributed to the influence of doped anions on the electronic states and distribution among different atoms, which thereby positively affected the electrocatalytic activity. This research provides an effective method for designing innovative catalysts and paving the way to produce clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Kunlun Nie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xuyun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Roads, Auckland Park 2092, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Rongfang Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; Changshu Institute for Hydrogen Energy, Changshu 215505, China
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4
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He W, Zhang R, Liu H, Hao Q, Li Y, Zheng X, Liu C, Zhang J, Xin HL. Atomically Dispersed Silver Atoms Embedded in NiCo Layer Double Hydroxide Boost Oxygen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301610. [PMID: 37093206 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising catalysts for anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. Despite good stability, NiCo LDH displays an unsatisfactory OER activity relative to the most robust NiFe LDH and CoFe LDH. Herein, a novel NiCo LDH electrocatalyst modified with single-atom silver grown on carbon cloth (AgSA -NiCo LDH/CC) that exhibits exceptional OER activity and stability in 1.0 m KOH is reported. The AgSA -NiCo LDH/CC catalyst only requires a low overpotential of 192 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm-2 , obviously boosting the OER activity of NiCo LDH/CC (410 mV@10 mA cm-2 ). Inspiringly, AgSA -NiCo LDH/CC can maintain its high activity for up to 500 h at a large current density of 100 mA cm-2 , exceeding most single-atom OER catalysts. In situ Raman spectroscopy studies uncover that the in situ formed NiCoOOH during OER is the real active species. Hard X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations validate that single-atom Ag occupying Ni site increases the chemical valence of Ni elements, and then weakens the adsorption of oxygen-contained intermediates on Ni sites, fundamentally accounting for the enhanced OER performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun He
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information (Ministry of Education), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information (Ministry of Education), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Qiuyan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information (Ministry of Education), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information (Ministry of Education), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Xuerong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Caichi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information (Ministry of Education), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information (Ministry of Education), Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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5
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Zheng Y, Wang L, Pang J, Sun K, Hou J, Wang G, Guo W, Chen L. Ni 3S 2/Co 9S 8 embedded poor crystallinity NiCo layered double hydroxides hierarchical nanostructures for efficient overall water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:85-93. [PMID: 36689800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-cobalt bimetallic layered double hydroxides (NiCo LDHs) are potential electrocatalysts with high performance and stability for overall water-splitting. However, its weak conductivity limits its practical applications. Herein, a simple hydrothermal in-situ conversion strategy is employed for constructing the novel heterogeneous electrocatalyst of Ni3S2/Co9S8 embedded poor crystallinity (Pc) NiCo LDH nanosheet arrays grown on the Ni foam (Pc-NiCo LDH/ Ni3S2/Co9S8), which can improve the conductivity via regulating the crystallinity. The crystallinity of NiCo LDH is well regulated by adjusting the amount of sulfur source, and the construction of Ni3S2/Co9S8 heterostructure exposes more active sites, improves the electrical conductivity, enhances the electronic interaction between NiCo LDH and Ni3S2/Co9S8, and significantly promotes the kinetics of water splitting. The optimized Pc-NiCo LDH/Ni3S2/Co9S8 hierarchical structure as both the anode and cathode exhibit the overall water splitting performance with the cell voltage of only 1.744 V to achieve the current density of 50 mA cm-2 in the alkaline media and shows the competitive H2 and O2 production rate of 6.4 and 3.1 μL s-1, respectively, suggesting its potential practical applications. This work provides a novel idea for the design of multiphase composite electrocatalysts applied in water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Jianxiang Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Kaisheng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Juan Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wen Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
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6
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He W, Zhang R, Cao D, Li Y, Zhang J, Hao Q, Liu H, Zhao J, Xin HL. Super-Hydrophilic Microporous Ni(OH)x/Ni 3 S 2 Heterostructure Electrocatalyst for Large-Current-Density Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205719. [PMID: 36373671 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting active and stable non-precious metal electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at large current density plays a key role in realizing large-scale industrial hydrogen generation. Herein, a self-supported microporous Ni(OH)x/Ni3 S2 heterostructure electrocatalyst on nickel foam (Ni(OH)x/Ni3 S2 /NF) that possesses super-hydrophilic property through an electrochemical process is rationally designed and fabricated. Benefiting from the super-hydrophilic property, microporous feature, and self-supported structure, the electrocatalyst exhibits an exceptional HER performance at large current density in 1.0 M KOH, only requiring low overpotential of 126, 193, and 238 mV to reach a current density of 100, 500, and 1000 mA cm-2 , respectively, and displaying a long-term durability up to 1000 h, which is among the state-of-the-art non-precious metal electrocatalysts. Combining hard X-rays absorption spectroscopy and first-principles calculation, it also reveals that the strong electronic coupling at the interface of the heterostructure facilitates the dissociation of H2 O molecular, accelerating the HER kinetics in alkaline electrolyte. This work sheds a light on developing advanced non-precious metal electrocatalysts for industrial hydrogen production by means of constructing a super-hydrophilic microporous heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun He
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Da Cao
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Qiuyan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jianling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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7
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Electrochemical activation strategy assisted morphology engineering Co-Fe layered double hydroxides for oxygen hydrogen evolution and supercapacitor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 632:186-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Jing C, Shu K, Sun Q, Zheng J, Zhang S, Liu X, Yao K, Zhou X, Liu X. Atomic Scale Optimization Strategy of Al-Based Layered Double Hydroxide for Alkali Stability and Supercapacitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911645. [PMID: 36232942 PMCID: PMC9569664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudocapacitor material is easily decomposed when immersed in alkaline solution for a long time. Hence, it is necessary to find a strategy to improve the alkali stability of pseudocapacitor materials. In addition, the relationship between alkali stability and electrochemical performance is still unclear. In this work, a series of Al-based LDH (Layered double hydroxide) and derived Ni/Co-based sulfides are prepared, and corresponding alkali stability and electrochemical performance are analyzed. The alkali stability of CoAl LDH is so poor and can be improved effectively by doping of Ni. Ni1Co2S4 and Ni2Co1Al LDH exhibit an outstanding alkali stability, and Ni2Co1S4 exhibits an extremely poor alkali stability. The variable valence state of Co element and the solubility of Al in alkali solution are the fundamental reasons for the poor alkali stability of CoAl LDH and Ni2Co1S4. Ni2Co1S4 showed an outstanding electrochemical performance in a three-electrode system, which is better than that of Ni1Co2S4, indicating that there is no direct correlation between alkali stability and electrochemical properties. Sulfidation improved the electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity of electrode materials, whereas alkali etching suppressed the occurrence of the electrochemical reaction. Overall, this work provides a clear perspective to understand the relationship between alkali stability and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jing
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Kai Shu
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Qing Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiayu Zheng
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Shuijie Zhang
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Kexin Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xianju Zhou
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
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Dong Y, Liu Q, Qi C, Zhang G, Jiang X, Gao D. Surface nitriding to improve the catalytic performance of FeNi 3 for the oxygen evolution reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12592-12595. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04367j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the oxygen evolution reaction, optimized Fe/Ni–Nx@FeNi3 nanosheets exhibit an overpotential of 251 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and an excellent durability of 210 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucan Dong
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Caiyun Qi
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingdong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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