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Roos CB, Chiang CH, Murray LAM, Yang D, Schulert L, Narayan ARH. Stereodynamic Strategies to Induce and Enrich Chirality of Atropisomers at a Late Stage. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10641-10727. [PMID: 37639323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomers, where chirality arises from restricted rotation around a single bond, are atropisomers. Due to the unique nature of the origins of their chirality, synthetic strategies to access these compounds in an enantioselective manner differ from those used to prepare enantioenriched compounds containing point chirality arising from an unsymmetrically substituted carbon center. In particular stereodynamic transformations, such as dynamic kinetic resolutions, thermodynamic dynamic resolutions, and deracemizations, which rely on the ability to racemize or interconvert enantiomers, are a promising set of transformations to prepare optically pure compounds in the late stage of a synthetic sequence. Translation of these synthetic approaches from compounds with point chirality to atropisomers requires an expanded toolbox for epimerization/racemization and provides an opportunity to develop a new conceptual framework for the enantioselective synthesis of these compounds.
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Cassels WR, Johnson JS. Development of organic reactions that productively leverage physical properties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6765. [PMID: 37406122 PMCID: PMC10321729 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization-induced stereoconvergent Michael additions demonstrate the potential of using physical properties to reveal unique reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zheng J, Li B, Wu Y, Wu X, Wang Y. Targeting Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT5 for Cancer Therapy: Updated Progress and Novel Strategies. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37366223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
As a predominant type II protein arginine methyltransferase, PRMT5 plays critical roles in various normal cellular processes by catalyzing the mono- and symmetrical dimethylation of a wide range of histone and nonhistone substrates. Clinical studies have revealed that high expression of PRMT5 is observed in different solid tumors and hematological malignancies and is closely associated with cancer initiation and progression. Accordingly, PRMT5 is becoming a promising anticancer target and has received great attention in both the pharmaceutical industry and the academic community. In this Perspective, we comprehensively summarize recent advances in the development of first-generation PRMT5 enzymatic inhibitors and highlight novel strategies targeting PRMT5 in the past 5 years. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of PRMT5 inhibition, with the aim of shedding light on future PRMT5 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zheng
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bang Li
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wu
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanxiang Wang
- Balance-Based Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Yang X, Li Z, Xu W, Zhu G, Feng X, Zhang J, Zhao H, Chen Y, Kong J, Mai W, Li LS, Pippel DJ, Ren P, Deng X. Hindered Biaryl Bond Construction and Subsequent Diastereomeric Crystallization to Produce an Atropisomeric Covalent KRAS G12C Inhibitor ARS-2102. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogen Yang
- STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a WuXi AppTec Company, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a WuXi AppTec Company, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a WuXi AppTec Company, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Guanming Zhu
- STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a WuXi AppTec Company, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiantong Feng
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuyin Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianshe Kong
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wanping Mai
- Wellspring Biosciences Inc., 10770 Wateridge Cir. Unit 120, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lian-Sheng Li
- Wellspring Biosciences Inc., 10770 Wateridge Cir. Unit 120, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pippel
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pingda Ren
- Wellspring Biosciences Inc., 10770 Wateridge Cir. Unit 120, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaohu Deng
- Wellspring Biosciences Inc., 10770 Wateridge Cir. Unit 120, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Abstract
Atropisomerism is a conformational chirality that occurs when there is hindered rotation about a σ-bond. While atropisomerism is exemplified by biaryls, it is observed in many other pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds including heterobiaryls, benzamides, diarylamines, and anilides. As bond rotation leads to racemization, atropisomers span the gamut of stereochemical stability. LaPlante has classified atropisomers based on their half-life of racemization at 37 °C: class 1 (t1/2 < 60 s), class 2 (60 s < t1/2 < 4.5 years), and class 3 (t1/2 > 4.5 years). In general, class-3 atropisomers are considered to be suitable for drug development. There are currently four FDA-approved drugs that exist as stable atropisomers, and many others are in clinical trials or have recently appeared in the drug discovery literature. Class-1 atropisomers are more prevalent, with ∼30% of recent FDA-approved small molecules possessing at least one class-1 axis. While class-1 atropisomers do not possess the requisite stereochemical stability to meet the classical definition of atropisomerism, they often bind a given target in a specific set of chiral conformations.Over the past decade, our laboratory has embarked on a research program aimed at leveraging atropisomerism as a design feature to improve the target selectivity of promiscuous lead compounds. Our studies initially focused on introducing class-3 atropisomerism into promiscuous kinase inhibitors, resulting in a proof of principle in which the different atropisomers of a compound can have different selectivity profiles with potentially improved target selectivity. This inspired a careful analysis of the binding conformations of diverse ligands bound to different target proteins, resulting in the realization that the sampled dihedral conformations about a prospective atropisomeric axis played a key role in target binding and that preorganizing the prospective atropisomeric axis into a desired target's preferred conformational range can lead to large gains in target selectivity.As atropisomerism is becoming more prevalent in modern drug discovery, there is an increasing need for strategies for atropisomerically pure samples of pharmaceutical compounds. This has led us and other groups to develop catalytic atroposelective methodologies toward pharmaceutically privileged scaffolds. Our laboratory has contributed examples of atroposelective methodologies toward heterobiaryl systems while also exploring the chirality of less-studied atropisomers such as diarylamines and related scaffolds.This Account will detail recent encounters with atropisomerism in medicinal chemistry and how atropisomerism has transitioned from a "lurking menace" into a leverageable design strategy in order to modulate various properties of biologically active small molecules. This Account will also discuss recent advances in atroposelective synthesis, with a focus on methodologies toward pharmaceutically privileged scaffolds. We predict that a better understanding of the effects of conformational restriction about a prospective atropisomeric axis on target binding will empower chemists to rapidly "program" the selectivity of a lead molecule toward a desired target.
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