1
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de Visser PJ, Neeleman M, Dankloff PFJ, Derks MTGM, Korevaar PA. Positional Information-Based Organization of Surfactant Droplet Swarms Emerging from Competition Between Local and Global Marangoni Effects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403720. [PMID: 39169705 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Positional information is key for particles to adapt their behavior based on their position in external concentration gradients, and thereby self-organize into complex patterns. Here, position-dependent behavior of floating surfactant droplets that self-organize in a pH gradient is demonstrated, using the Marangoni effect to translate gradients of surface-active molecules into motion. First, fields of surfactant microliter-droplets are generated, in which droplets floating on water drive local, outbound Marangoni flows upon dissolution of surfactant and concomitantly grow myelin filaments. Next, a competing surfactant based on a hydrolysable amide is introduced, which is more surface active than the myelin surfactant and thereby inhibits the local Marangoni flows and myelin growth from the droplets. Upon introducing a pH gradient, the amide surfactant hydrolyses in the acidic region, so that the local Marangoni flows and myelin growth are reestablished. The resulting combination of local and global surface tension gradients produces a region of myelin-growing droplets and a region where myelin growth is suppressed, separated by a wave front of closely packed droplets, of which the position can be controlled by the pH gradient. Thereby, it is shown how "French flag"-patterns, in synthetic settings typically emerging from reaction-diffusion systems, can also be established via surfactant droplet systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J de Visser
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Mink Neeleman
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Pim F J Dankloff
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Max T G M Derks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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2
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de Visser PJ, Karagrigoriou D, Nguindjel AC, Korevaar PA. Quorum Sensing in Emulsion Droplet Swarms Driven by a Surfactant Competition System. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307919. [PMID: 38887869 PMCID: PMC11321703 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing enables unicellular organisms to probe their population density and perform behavior that exclusively occurs above a critical density. Quorum sensing is established in emulsion droplet swarms that float at a water surface and cluster above a critical density. The design involves competition between 1) a surface tension gradient that is generated upon release of a surfactant from the oil droplets, and thereby drives their mutual repulsion, and 2) the release of a surfactant precursor from the droplets, that forms a strong imine surfactant which suppresses the surface tension gradient and thereby causes droplet clustering upon capillary (Cheerios) attraction. The production of the imine-surfactant depends on the population density of the droplets releasing the precursor so that the clustering only occurs above a critical population density. The pH-dependence of the imine-surfactant formation is exploited to trigger quorum sensing upon a base stimulus: dynamic droplet swarms are generated that cluster and spread upon spatiotemporally varying acid and base conditions. Next, the clustering of two droplet subpopulations is coupled to a chemical reaction that generates a fluorescent signal. It is foreseen that quorum sensing enables control mechanisms in droplet-based systems that display collective responses in contexts of, e.g., sensing, optics, or dynamically controlled droplet-reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J. de Visser
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Karagrigoriou
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Déborah C. Nguindjel
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
| | - Peter A. Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135Nijmegen6525 AJThe Netherlands
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3
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Kar H, Goldin L, Frezzato D, Prins LJ. Local Self-Assembly of Dissipative Structures Sustained by Substrate Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404583. [PMID: 38717103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The coupling between energy-consuming molecular processes and the macroscopic dimension plays an important role in nature and in the development of active matter. Here, we study the temporal evolution of a macroscopic system upon the local activation of a dissipative self-assembly process. Injection of surfactant molecules in a substrate-containing hydrogel results in the local substrate-templated formation of assemblies, which are catalysts for the conversion of substrate into waste. We show that the system develops into a macroscopic (pseudo-)non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) characterized by the local presence of energy-dissipating assemblies and persistent substrate and waste concentration gradients. For elevated substrate concentrations, this state can be maintained for more than 4 days. The studies reveal an interdependence between the dissipative assemblies and the concentration gradients: catalytic activity by the assemblies results in sustained concentration gradients and, vice versa, continuous diffusion of substrate to the assemblies stabilizes their size. The possibility to activate dissipative processes with spatial control and create long lasting non-equilibrium steady states enables dissipative structures to be studied in the space-time domain, which is of relevance for understanding biological systems and for the development of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haridas Kar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Goldin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Frezzato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonard J Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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4
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Ferreira J, Michiels J, Herregraven M, Korevaar PA. Myelin Surfactant Assemblies as Dynamic Pathways Guiding the Growth of Electrodeposited Copper Dendrites. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19205-19217. [PMID: 38959136 PMCID: PMC11258786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Self-organization of inorganic matter enables bottom-up construction of materials with target shapes suited to their function. Positioning the building blocks in the growth process involves a well-balanced interplay of the reaction and diffusion. Whereas (supra)molecular structures have been used to template such growth processes, we reasoned that molecular assemblies can be employed to actively create concentration gradients that guide the deposition of solid, wire-like structures. The core of our approach comprises the interaction between myelin assemblies that deliver copper(II) ions to the tips of copper dendrites, which in turn grow along the Cu2+ gradient upon electrodeposition. First, we successfully include Cu2+ ions among amphiphile bilayers in myelin filaments, which grow from tri(ethylene glycol) monododecyl ether (C12E3) source droplets over air-water interfaces. Second, we characterize the growth of dendritic copper structures upon electrodeposition from a negative electrode at the sub-mM Cu2+ concentrations that are anticipated upon release from copper(II)-loaded myelins. Third, we assess the intricate growth of copper dendrites upon electrodeposition, when combined with copper(II)-loaded myelins. The myelins deliver Cu2+ at a negative electrode, feeding copper dendrite growth upon electrodeposition. Intriguingly, the copper dendrites follow the Cu2+ gradient toward the myelins and grow along them toward the source droplet. We demonstrate the growth of dynamic connections among electrodes and surfactant droplets in reconfigurable setups─featuring a unique interplay between molecular assemblies and inorganic, solid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ferreira
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Michiels
- TechnoCentre,
Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Marty Herregraven
- TechnoCentre,
Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. Korevaar
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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5
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Shandilya E, Rallabandi B, Maiti S. In situ enzymatic control of colloidal phoresis and catalysis through hydrolysis of ATP. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3603. [PMID: 38684662 PMCID: PMC11059368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to sense chemical gradients and respond with directional motility and chemical activity is a defining feature of complex living systems. There is a strong interest among scientists to design synthetic systems that emulate these properties. Here, we realize and control such behaviors in a synthetic system by tailoring multivalent interactions of adenosine nucleotides with catalytic microbeads. We first show that multivalent interactions of the bead with gradients of adenosine mono-, di- and trinucleotides (AM/D/TP) control both the phoretic motion and a proton-transfer catalytic reaction, and find that both effects are diminished greatly with increasing valence of phosphates. We exploit this behavior by using enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP to AMP, which downregulates multivalent interactivity in situ. This produces a sudden increase in transport of the catalytic microbeads (a phoretic jump), which is accompanied by increased catalytic activity. Finally, we show how this enzymatic activity can be systematically tuned, leading to simultaneous in situ spatial and temporal control of the location of the microbeads, as well as the products of the reaction that they catalyze. These findings open up new avenues for utilizing multivalent interaction-mediated programming of complex chemo-mechanical behaviors into active systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shandilya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, India
| | - Bhargav Rallabandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140306, India.
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6
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Nguindjel AD, Franssen SCM, Korevaar PA. Reconfigurable Droplet-Droplet Communication Mediated by Photochemical Marangoni Flows. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6006-6015. [PMID: 38391388 PMCID: PMC10921405 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Droplets are attractive building blocks for dynamic matter that organizes into adaptive structures. Communication among collectively operating droplets opens untapped potential in settings that vary from sensing, optics, protocells, computing, or adaptive matter. Inspired by the transmission of signals among decentralized units in slime mold Physarum polycephalum, we introduce a combination of surfactants, self-assembly, and photochemistry to establish chemical signal transfer among droplets. To connect droplets that float at an air-water interface, surfactant triethylene glycol monododecylether (C12E3) is used for its ability to self-assemble into wires called myelins. We show how the trajectory of these myelins can be directed toward selected photoactive droplets upon UV exposure. To this end, we developed a strategy for photocontrolled Marangoni flow, which comprises (1) the liquid crystalline coating formed at the surface of an oleic acid/sodium oleate (OA/NaO) droplet when in contact with water, (2) a photoacid generator that protonates sodium oleate upon UV exposure and therefore disintegrates the coating, and (3) the surface tension gradient that is generated upon depletion of the surfactant from the air-water interface by the uncoated droplet. Therefore, localized UV exposure of selected OA/NaO droplets results in attraction of the myelins such that they establish reconfigurable connections that self-organize among the C12E3 and OA/NaO droplets. As an example of communication, we demonstrate how the myelins transfer fluorescent dyes, which are selectively delivered in the droplet interior upon photochemical regulation of the liquid crystalline coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Déborah
C. Nguindjel
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Stan C. M. Franssen
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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7
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van Campenhout CT, Schoenmaker H, van Hecke M, Noorduin WL. Patterning Complex Line Motifs in Thin Films Using Immersion-Controlled Reaction-Diffusion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305191. [PMID: 37471706 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of self-organization principles that enable scalable routes toward complex functional materials has proven to be a persistent challenge. Here, reaction-diffusion driven, immersion-controlled patterning (R-DIP) is introduced, a self-organization strategy using immersion-controlled reaction-diffusion for targeted line patterning in thin films. By modulating immersion speeds, the movement of a reaction-diffusion front over gel films is controlled, which induces precipitation of highly uniform lines at the reaction front. A balance between the immersion speed and diffusion provides both hands-on tunability of the line spacing (d = 10 - 300 μ m $d = 10-300 \; \umu \text{m}$ ) as well as error-correction against defects. This immersion-driven patterning strategy is widely applicable, which is demonstrated by producing line patterns of silver/silver oxide nanoparticles, silver chromate, silver dichromate, and lead carbonate. Through combinatorial stacking of different line patterns, hybrid materials with multi-dimensional patterns such as square-, diamond-, rectangle-, and triangle-shaped motifs are fabricated. The functionality potential and scalability is demonstrated by producing both wafer-scale diffraction gratings with user-defined features as well as an opto-mechanical sensor based on Moiré patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin van Hecke
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098XG, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, CA Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam, 1098XG, The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1090 GD, The Netherlands
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8
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Ouazan-Reboul V, Agudo-Canalejo J, Golestanian R. Self-organization of primitive metabolic cycles due to non-reciprocal interactions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4496. [PMID: 37495589 PMCID: PMC10372013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest mysteries concerning the origin of life is how it has emerged so quickly after the formation of the earth. In particular, it is not understood how metabolic cycles, which power the non-equilibrium activity of cells, have come into existence in the first instances. While it is generally expected that non-equilibrium conditions would have been necessary for the formation of primitive metabolic structures, the focus has so far been on externally imposed non-equilibrium conditions, such as temperature or proton gradients. Here, we propose an alternative paradigm in which naturally occurring non-reciprocal interactions between catalysts that can partner together in a cyclic reaction lead to their recruitment into self-organized functional structures. We uncover different classes of self-organized cycles that form through exponentially rapid coarsening processes, depending on the parity of the cycle and the nature of the interaction motifs, which are all generic but have readily tuneable features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ouazan-Reboul
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Matsuo M, Ejima K, Nakata S. Recursively positive and negative chemotaxis coupling with reaction kinetics in self-organized inanimate motion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 639:324-332. [PMID: 36805757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing recursive chemotaxis in inanimate self-propelled objects is inevitable in the development of recursively and autonomously artificial mass transport systems. However, the fabrication of inanimately recursive chemotaxis has been extremely challenging because of the difficulty in introducing competitive positive and negative feedback into an inanimate self-propelled object. Herein, a coumarin derivative (coumarin, 4-methylcoumarin (4-MC), or 6-methylcoumarin (6-MC))-based disk floated on water as a self-propelled object exhibited characteristic features of motion; these features include continuous motion, repetition between positive and negative chemotaxis to the Na3PO4 powder as a base stimulus, and oscillatory motion above the Na3PO4 powder depending on the Na3PO4 density of the powder and the functional group of coumarin derivatives. The mechanism of the characteristic features of motion to the base stimulus is discussed in relation to the surface tension of the coumarin derivatives as the driving force of motion and the reaction rate of the hydrolysis between coumarin derivatives and OH- obtained from Na3PO4. This study suggests a novel avenue for developing a recursive chemotactic system coupled with reaction kinetics in self-organized motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyuki Matsuo
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kaho Ejima
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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10
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Winkens M, Vilcan A, de Visser PJ, de Graaf FV, Korevaar PA. Orbiting Self-Organization of Filament-Tethered Surface-Active Droplets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206800. [PMID: 36799188 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dissipative chemical systems hold the potential to enable life-like behavior in synthetic matter, such as self-organization, motility, and dynamic switching between different states. Here, out-of-equilibrium self-organization is demonstrated by interconnected source and drain droplets at an air-water interface, which display dynamic behavior due to a hydrolysis reaction that generates a concentration gradient around the drain droplets. This concentration gradient interferes with the adhesion of self-assembled amphiphile filaments that grow from a source droplet. The chemical gradient sustains a unique orbiting of the drain droplet, which is proposed to be driven by the selective adhesion of the filaments to the front of the moving droplet, while filaments approaching from behind are destabilized upon contact with the hydrolysis product in the trail of the droplet. Potential applications are foreseen in the transfer of chemical signals amongst communicating droplets in rearranging networks, and the implementation of chemical reactions to drive complex positioning routines in life-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Winkens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandru Vilcan
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J de Visser
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Freek V de Graaf
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Korevaar
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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11
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van der Weijden A, Léonard AS, Noorduin WL. Architected Metal Selenides via Sequential Cation and Anion Exchange on Self-Organizing Nanocomposites. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:2394-2401. [PMID: 37008406 PMCID: PMC10061662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Shape-preserving conversion reactions have the potential to unlock new routes for self-organization of complex three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials with advanced functionalities. Specifically, developing such conversion routes toward shape-controlled metal selenides is of interest due to their photocatalytic properties and because these metal selenides can undergo further conversion reactions toward a wide range of other functional chemical compositions. Here, we present a strategy toward metal selenides with controllable 3D architectures using a two-step self-organization/conversion approach. First, we steer the coprecipitation of barium carbonate nanocrystals and silica into nanocomposites with controllable 3D shapes. Second, using a sequential exchange of cations and anions, we completely convert the chemical composition of the nanocrystals into cadmium selenide (CdSe) while preserving the initial shape of the nanocomposites. These architected CdSe structures can undergo further conversion reactions toward other metal selenides, which we demonstrate by developing a shape-preserving cation exchange toward silver selenide. Moreover, our conversion strategy can readily be extended to convert calcium carbonate biominerals into metal selenide semiconductors. Hence, the here-presented self-assembly/conversion strategy opens exciting possibilities toward customizable metal selenides with complex user-defined 3D shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willem L. Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
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12
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Cao Y, Gabrielli L, Frezzato D, Prins LJ. Persistent ATP-Concentration Gradients in a Hydrogel Sustained by Chemical Fuel Consumption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215421. [PMID: 36420591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We show the formation of macroscopic ATP-concentrations in an agarose gel and demonstrate that these gradients can be sustained in time at the expense of the consumption of a chemical fuel. The approach relies on the spatially controlled activation of ATP-producing and ATP-consuming reactions through the local injection of enzymes in the matrix. The reaction-diffusion system is maintained in a stationary non-equilibrium state as long as chemical fuel, phosphocreatine, is present. The reaction-diffusion system is coupled to a supramolecular system composed of monolayer protected gold nanoparticles and a fluorescent probe. As a result of this coupling, fluorescence signals emerge spontaneously in response to the ATP-concentration gradients. We show that the approach permits the rational formation of complex fluorescence patterns that change over time as a function of the evolution of the ATP-concentrations present in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Cao
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Gabrielli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Frezzato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonard J Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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13
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Kuze M, Kubodera Y, Hashishita H, Matsuo M, Nishimori H, Nakata S. Self‐Propulsion Mode Switching of a Briggs–Rauscher Droplet. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kuze
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties Meiji University 4-21-1 Nakano Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525 Japan
| | - Yujin Kubodera
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hiromi Hashishita
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Muneyuki Matsuo
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hiraku Nishimori
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties Meiji University 4-21-1 Nakano Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525 Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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