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Tao X, Mao Y, Alam S, Wang A, Qi X, Zheng S, Jiang C, Chen SY, Lu H. Sensitive fluorescence detection of glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium pesticides by purine-hydrazone-Cu 2+ complex. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124226. [PMID: 38560950 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides play an important role as broad-spectrum inactivating herbicides in agriculture. Developing a method for rapid and efficient organophosphorus pesticides detection is still urgent due to the increasing concern on food safety. An organo-probe (ZDA), synthesized by purine hydrazone derivative and 2,2'-dipyridylamine derivative, was applied in sensitive recognition of Cu2+ with detection limit of 300 nM. Mechanism study via density functional theory (DFT) and job's plot experiment revealed that ZDA and Cu2+ ions form a 1:2 complex quenching the fluorescence emission. Moreover, this fluorescent complex ZDA-Cu2+ was applicable for detecting glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium following fluorescence enhancement mechanism, with detection limits of 11.26 nM and 11.5 nM, respectively. Meanwhile, ZDA-Cu2+ was effective and sensitive when it is used for pesticide detection, reaching the maximum value and stabilizing in 1 min. Finally, the ZDA-Cu2+ probe could also be tolerated in cell assay environment, implying potential bio-application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzuo Tao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yanxia Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Said Alam
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Anguan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Xinyu Qi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaojun Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
| | - Shu-Yang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
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Paderni D, Macedi E, Giacomazzo GE, Formica M, Giorgi L, Valtancoli B, Rossi P, Paoli P, Conti L, Fusi V, Giorgi C. A new biphenol-dipicolylamine based ligand and its dinuclear Zn 2+ complex as fluorescent sensors for ibuprofen and ketoprofen in aqueous solution. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9495-9509. [PMID: 38767612 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00935e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the study of the new ligand 3,3'-bis[N,N-bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)aminomethyl]-2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl (L) is reported, where a central 2,2'-biphenol (BPH) fluorophore was functionalized at 3,3'-positions with two dipicolylamine (DPA) side arms as receptor units. Following the synthesis and full chemical-physical characterization, the acid-base and Zn2+-coordination abilities of L were investigated through a combination of potentiometric, UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR, XRD and DFT measurements. The optical properties of the ligand turned out to be strongly dependent on the pH, being straightforwardly associated with the protonation state of the BPH moiety, whereas its peculiar design allowed to form stable mono and dinuclear Zn2+ complexes. In the latter species, the presence of two Zn2+ ions coordinatively unsaturated and placed at close distance to each other, prompted us to test their usefulness as metallo-receptors for two environmental pollutants of great relevance, ibuprofen and ketoprofen. Potentiometric and fluorescence investigations evidenced that these important non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effectively coordinated by the metallo-receptors and, of relevance, both the stability and the fluorescence properties of the resulting ternary adducts are markedly affected by the different chemical architectures of the two substrates. This study aims at highlighting the promising perspectives arising from the use of polyamino phenolic ligands as chemosensors for H+/Zn2+ and other additional anionic targets in their metal-complexed forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Paderni
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore, 2-4, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Macedi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore, 2-4, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Mauro Formica
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore, 2-4, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Luca Giorgi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore, 2-4, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, via S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Vieri Fusi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, via Ca' le Suore, 2-4, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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Carta P, Scorciapino MA. The combination of inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate 31 P-NMR for the electrodeless pH determination in the 5-12 range. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:101-113. [PMID: 38243872 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Potentiometry is the primary pH measurement method, but alternatives are sought beyond glass electrodes operative limitations. In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, electrodeless pH sensing is important to track changes along titrations, during chemical reactions or inside compartmentalized environments inaccessible to electrodes, for instance. Although several interesting NMR pH indicators have been already presented, the potential of inorganic phosphate is overlooked, despite its common presence in NMR samples as the buffer main component. Its use for electrodeless pH determination can be expanded by exploiting all its three proton dissociations. This study was aimed at verifying the use of inorganic phosphate 31 P chemical shift to sense pH variations, and at exploring the complementary use of pyrophosphate ions to cover a wide pH range. A simple set of equations is presented to utilize both phosphate and pyrophosphate 31 P chemical shift in combination for accurate pH determination without a glass electrode over the 5-12 pH range, and without affecting the spectrum of other nuclei. The present study demonstrated an average deviation of 0.09 (maximum <0.2) pH unit from glass electrode measurements. The trimethylphosphate can be used as a suitable chemical shift reference for both 31 P and 1 H (also 13 C), with its hydrolysis being significant only at pH > 12. The method was also demonstrated by determining the pKa of three distinct molecules in a mixture and by comparing the results to those obtained when the glass electrode was used to measure the pH. The approach shown here can be easily tuned to different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Carta
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mariano Andrea Scorciapino
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
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Chen X, Mao Y, Wang A, Lu L, Shao Q, Jiang C, Lu H. Synthesis and application of purine-based fluorescence probe for continuous recognition of Cu 2+ and glyphosate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123291. [PMID: 37639808 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel fluorescent sensor, N,N-dimethyl-4-((2-(8-m-ethyl-9-(naphthalen-1-yl)-9H-purin-6-yl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)aniline(PHA), which was constructed via Schiff base reaction of purine derivatives and dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. This probe showed significant selective fluorescence quenching of Cu2+, and accompanying with an increase in Cu2+ concentration and a change in solution color from colorless to yellow. The outstanding features of PHA include low detection limit (0.429 μM), strong anti-interference ability and fast response time. We further investigated the chelation mechanism of PHA and Cu2+ by Job's plot experiment, density generalization theory (DFT), and the probe PHA can form a 1:2 complex with Cu2+ ions, leading to a fluorescence quenching process, thus realizing the rapid detection of Cu2+. In addition, this new fluorescent sensor [PHA-Cu2+] can be used to detect pesticide residues in solution. When the [PHA-Cu2+] system was mixed with glyphosate solution, that a fluorescence recovering was observed. This may be because glyphosate chelates more strongly with Cu2+ ions, making the copper ions dissociated from the [PHA-Cu2+] system. The detection limit of the fluorescent sensor [PHA-Cu2+] for glyphosate was 18.77 nM. Finally, the sensor system has been successfully applied in fluorescence imaging of glyphosate in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Yanxia Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Anguan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Linchuan Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
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Liu Q, Yu Y, Wu M, Yan X, Wu W, You J. Synthesis and application of a dual-functional fluorescent probe for sequential recognition of Zn 2+and glyphosate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123221. [PMID: 37544213 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe QL was designed and synthesized based on Schiff base by 2-hydrazinobenzothiazole to sequentially recognize Zn2+ and glyphosate. The probe QL was capable to detect Zn2+ in DMSO solution via fluorescence enhancement, and exhibited good selectivity and anti-interference ability. The combination mode was 1:2 between probe QL and Zn2+ according to the method of job's plot, and the detection limit of probe QL for Zn2+ was found to be 4.51 × 10-8 M, which exhibited excellent sensitivity. Furthermore, the system QL-Zn2+ could detect glyphosate by causing fluorescence quenching response and with a color change from yellow to colorless for naked-eye detection. The detection limit for glyphosate was found to be 4.93 × 10-8 M, which was far below the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006) acceptable limits (0.7 μg/mL for glyphosate). Notably, the probe QL and its complex QL-Zn2+ have been successfully applied to detect Zn2+ and glyphosate in water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanchao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mianyuan Wu
- Institute of Petrochemistry Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuexue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenju Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China.
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Shao Q, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang A, Lu L, Chen L, Lu H. Sensing of organophosphorus pesticides by fluorescent complexes based on purine-hydrazone receptor and copper (II) and its application in living-cells imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 296:122676. [PMID: 37031483 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used purine hydrazone derivatives and coumarin aldehyde to synthesize a novel fluorescent sensor (EDTP) by Schiff base reaction, which exhibited significant selective fluorescence quenching of Cu2+, and a distinct change from brilliant yellow to red is present along with the solution color. The detection limit of EDTP for Cu2+ was 109.52 nM. Job's plot experiment, density flooding theory (DFT) and 1H NMR titration experiments revealed the possible binding mechanism of EDTP to Cu2+, the probe EDTP could achieve highly detection of Cu2+ through forming a 1:1 complex. Additionally, this new fluorescent sensor EDTP-Cu2+ can be further applied in the rapid and selective detection of pesticide residues in solutions. When the EDTP-Cu2+ system was subsequently exposed to organophosphorus pesticides (glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium), it was observed that the fluorescence was recovered and accompanied by a red to yellow color change. This may be attributed to the strong chelation of glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium with Cu2+, leading to the dissociation of the EDTP-Cu2+ system and thus triggering the fluorescence recovery effect. The detection limits of the EDTP-Cu2+ system is 2.48 nM for glyphosate and 17.23 nM for glufosinate-ammonium, respectively. Finally, the developed sensor system has been successfully utilized image glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium fluorescence in living cells. Purine fluorescence probes are a potential fluorescent probe for the detection of metal ions and pesticides due to their good characteristics. This study opens up a new way for the detection of fluorescent probes in pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Anguan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Linchuan Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212000 Zhenjiang, China.
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Simonini Steiner YT, Romano GM, Massai L, Lippi M, Paoli P, Rossi P, Savastano M, Bencini A. Pyrene-Containing Polyamines as Fluorescent Receptors for Recognition of PFOA in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2023; 28:4552. [PMID: 37299033 PMCID: PMC10254721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The globally widespread perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a concerning environmental contaminant, with a possible toxic long-term effects on the environment and human health The development of sensible, rapid, and low-cost detection systems is a current change in modern environmental chemistry. In this context, two triamine-based chemosensors, L1 and L2, containing a fluorescent pyrene unit, and their Zn(II) complexes are proposed as fluorescent probes for the detection of PFOA in aqueous media. Binding studies carried out by means of fluorescence and NMR titrations highlight that protonated forms of the receptors can interact with the carboxylate group of PFOA, thanks to salt bridge formation with the ammonium groups of the aliphatic chain. This interaction induces a decrease in the fluorescence emission of pyrene at neutral and slightly acidic pH values. Similarly, emission quenching has also been observed upon coordination of PFOA by the Zn(II) complexes of the receptors. These results evidence that simple polyamine-based molecular receptors can be employed for the optical recognition of harmful pollutant molecules, such as PFOA, in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yschtar Tecla Simonini Steiner
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (Y.T.S.S.); (L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Giammarco Maria Romano
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (Y.T.S.S.); (L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (Y.T.S.S.); (L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Lippi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (P.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (P.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Firenze, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (P.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (Y.T.S.S.); (L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (Y.T.S.S.); (L.M.); (M.S.)
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Giacomazzo GE, Paderni D, Giorgi L, Formica M, Mari L, Montis R, Conti L, Macedi E, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C, Fusi V. A New Family of Macrocyclic Polyamino Biphenolic Ligands: Acid-Base Study, Zn(II) Coordination and Glyphosate/AMPA Binding. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052031. [PMID: 36903278 PMCID: PMC10003900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ligands 23,24-dihydroxy-3,6,9,12-tetraazatricyclo[17.3.1.1(14,18)]eicosatetra-1(23),14,16,18(24),19,21-hexaene, L1, and 26,27-dihidroxy-3,6,9,12,15-pentaazatricyclo[20.3.1.1(17,21)]eicosaepta-1(26),17,19,21(27),22,24-hexaene, L2, were synthesized: they represent a new class of molecules containing a biphenol unit inserted into a macrocyclic polyamine fragment. The previously synthesized L2 is obtained herein with a more advantageous procedure. The acid-base and Zn(II)-binding properties of L1 and L2 were investigated through potentiometric, UV-Vis, and fluorescence studies, revealing their possible use as chemosensors of H+ and Zn(II). The new peculiar design of L1 and L2 afforded the formation in an aqueous solution of stable Zn(II) mono (LogK 12.14 and 12.98 for L1 and L2, respectively) and dinuclear (LogK 10.16 for L2) complexes, which can be in turn exploited as metallo-receptors for the binding of external guests, such as the popular herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, PMG) and its primary metabolite, the aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Potentiometric studies revealed that PMG forms more stable complexes than AMPA with both L1- and L2-Zn(II) complexes, moreover PMG showed higher affinity for L2 than for L1. Fluorescence studies showed instead that the L1-Zn(II) complex could signal the presence of AMPA through a partial quenching of the fluorescence emission. These studies unveiled therefore the utility of polyamino-phenolic ligands in the design of promising metallo-receptors for elusive environmental targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniele Paderni
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Giorgi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Formica
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Montis
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (E.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Eleonora Macedi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (E.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (E.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Vieri Fusi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via della Stazione 4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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