Concluding remarks: Directing and controlling materials and molecules

From Ultrafast Photoinduced Small Polarons to Cooperative and Macroscopic Charge-Transfer Phase Transition

We study by femtosecond infrared spectroscopy the ultrafast and persistent photoinduced phase transition of the Rb0.94Mn0.94Co0.06[Fe(CN)6]0.98 ⋅ 0.2H2O material, induced at room temperature by a single laser shot. This system exhibits a charge-transfer based phase transition with a 75 K wide thermal hysteresis, centred at room temperature, from the low temperature Mn3+-N-C-Fe2+ tetragonal phase to the high temperature Mn2+-N-C-Fe3+ cubic phase. At room temperature, the photoinduced phase transition is persistent. However, the out-of-equilibrium dynamics leading to this phase is multi-scale. Femtosecond infrared spectroscopy, particularly sensitive to local reorganizations through the evolution of the frequency of the N-C vibration modes with the different characteristic electronic states, reveals that at low laser fluence and on short time scale, the photoexcitation of the Mn3+-N-C-Fe2+ phase creates small charge-transfer polarons [Mn2+-N-C-Fe3+]* within ≃250 fs. The local trapping of photoinduced intermetallic charge-transfer is characterized by the appearance of a polaronic infrared band, due to the surrounding Mn2+-N-C-Fe2+ species. Above a threshold fluence, when a critical fraction of small CT-polarons is reached, the macroscopic phase transition to the persistent Mn2+-N-C-Fe3+ cubic phase occurs within ≃ 100 ps. This non-linear photo-response results from elastic cooperativity, intrinsic to a switchable lattice and reminiscent of a feedback mechanism.

Ultrafast and persistent photoinduced phase transition at room temperature monitored by streaming powder diffraction

Ultrafast photoinduced phase transitions at room temperature, driven by a single laser shot and persisting long after stimuli, represent emerging routes for ultrafast control over materials' properties. Time-resolved studies provide fundamental mechanistic insight into far-from-equilibrium electronic and structural dynamics. Here we study the photoinduced phase transformation of the Rb0.94Mn0.94Co0.06[Fe(CN)6]0.98 material, designed to exhibit a 75 K wide thermal hysteresis around room temperature between MnIIIFeII tetragonal and MnIIFeIII cubic phases. We developed a specific powder sample streaming technique to monitor by ultrafast X-ray diffraction the structural and symmetry changes. We show that the photoinduced polarons expand the lattice, while the tetragonal-to-cubic photoinduced phase transition occurs within 100 ps above threshold fluence. These results are rationalized within the framework of the Landau theory of phase transition as an elastically-driven and cooperative process. We foresee broad applications of the streaming powder technique to study non-reversible and ultrafast dynamics.