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Simões R, Rodrigues J, Neto V, Monteiro T, Gonçalves G. Carbon Dots: A Bright Future as Anticounterfeiting Encoding Agents. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311526. [PMID: 38396215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Counterfeit products and data vulnerability present significant challenges in contemporary society. Hence, various methods and technologies are explored for anticounterfeiting encoding, with luminescent tracers, particularly luminescent carbon dots (CDs), emerging as a notable solution. CDs offer promising contributions to product security, environmental sustainability, and the circular economy. This critical review aims to highlight the luminescence responsiveness of CDs to physical and chemical stimuli, achieved through nanoengineering their chemical structure. The discussion will delve into the various tunable luminescence mechanisms and decay times of CDs, investigating preferential excitations such as up-conversion, delayed fluorescence, fluorescence, room temperature phosphorescence, persistent luminescence, energy and charge transfer, as well as photo-chemical interactions. These insights are crucial for advancing anticounterfeiting solutions. Following this exploration, a systematic review will focus on the research of luminescent CDs' smart encoding applications, encompassing anticounterfeiting, product tracing, quality certification, and information encryption. Finally, the review will address key challenges in implementing CDs-based technology, providing specific insights into strategies aimed at maximizing their stability and efficacy in anticounterfeiting encoding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Simões
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Guimarães, Portugal., LASI, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Joana Rodrigues
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Victor Neto
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Guimarães, Portugal., LASI, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Teresa Monteiro
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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2
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Wang J, Fu Y, Gu Z, Pan H, Zhou P, Gan Q, Yuan Y, Liu C. Multifunctional Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303773. [PMID: 37702145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing suitable nanomaterials is an ideal strategy to enable early diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Carbon dots (CDs) are luminescent carbonaceous nanoparticles that have attracted considerable attention. Through facile synthesis, they process properties including tunable light emission, low toxicity, and light energy transformation, leading to diverse applications as optically functional materials in biomedical fields. Recently, their potentials have been further explored, such as enzyme-like activity and ability to promote osteogenic differentiation. Through refined synthesizing strategies carbon dots, a rich treasure trove for new discoveries, stand a chance to guide significant development in biomedical applications. In this review, the authors start with a brief introduction to CDs. By presenting mechanisms and examples, the authors focus on how they can be used in diagnosing and treating diseases, including bioimaging failure of tissues and cells, biosensing various pathogenic factors and biomarkers, tissue defect repair, anti-inflammation, antibacterial and antiviral, and novel oncology treatment. The introduction of the application of integrated diagnosis and treatment follows closely behind. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions of CDs are discussed. The authors hope this review will provide critical perspectives to inspire new discoveries on CDs and prompt their advances in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Zhangwu Road 100, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghao Gu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Panyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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3
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Saini S, Saini P, Kumar K, Sethi M, Meena P, Gurjar A, Dandia A, Dhuria T, Parewa V. Unlocking the Molecular Behavior of Natural Amine-Targeted Carbon Quantum Dots for the Synthesis of Diverse Pharmacophore Scaffolds via an Unusual Nanoaminocatalytic Route. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49083-49094. [PMID: 37819203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have significant catalytic potential, only emblematic applications that rely on simple acid-base or hydrogen-bonding activation pathways have been reported. In this study, natural amine-targeted CQDs (NAT-CQDs) have been successfully fabricated using a sustainable technique that harnesses a renewable green source. Based on a holistic sustainable assessment, the present approach for the synthesis of NAT-CQDs surpasses previously reported methods in terms of estimated circular and good-manufacturing-practice metrics. A set of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including FTIR, XPS, conductometric assay, pH titration, 19FNMR, and 13CNMR confirms the presence of the assessable amino-rich groups (0.0083N) at the surface of NAT-CQDs. The occurrence of surface amine groups unlocked the molecular behavior of as-prepared NAT-CQDs and makes them an unprecedented nanoaminocatalytic platform for the synthesis of diverse pharmacophore scaffolds (>40 examples) via a one-pot Knoevenagel/(aza) Michael addition reaction in water at room temperature. The assessable amine group can covalently activate carbonyl groups through nucleophilic iminium activation modes in water and facilitate the ability to build valuable and therapeutic scaffolds on a gram scale. By transferring significant molecular primacy at the frontier of nanoscale materials, NAT-CQDs can thus bridge the gap between the nanoscale and molecular domains. This protocol can also be applied for the preparation of therapeutic anticoagulant drugs, warfarin, and coumachlor. All the reactions exhibited a high atom economy, low E-factor, low process mass intensity (PMI), high reaction mass efficiency (RME), high carbon efficiency (CE), and high catalyst reusability with overall high sustainable values. NAT-CQDs show high recyclability, and the spectral data of reused catalysts indicate that the NAT-CQDs maintained their surface chemistry and electronic properties, suggesting their stability under the tested conditions. This study presents a remarkable instance of NAT-CQDs showcasing covalent catalysis. Expanding on the aforementioned design concept, the utilization of NAT-CQDs' "potential" as distinct colloidal organocatalysts in aqueous environments at the molecular level introduces valuable prospects for aminocatalytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Pratibha Saini
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
- Institute Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Mukul Sethi
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Priyanka Meena
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Aditya Gurjar
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Anshu Dandia
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Tanya Dhuria
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
| | - Vijay Parewa
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
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Garcia-Millan T, Ramos-Soriano J, Ghirardello M, Liu X, Santi CM, Eloi JC, Pridmore N, Harniman RL, Morgan DJ, Hughes S, Davis SA, Oliver TAA, Kurian KM, Galan MC. Multicolor Photoluminescent Carbon Dots à La Carte for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44711-44721. [PMID: 37715711 PMCID: PMC10540137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Dual-emission fluorescence probes that provide high sensitivity are key for biomedical diagnostic applications. Nontoxic carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging alternative to traditional fluorescent probes; however, robust and reproducible synthetic strategies are still needed to access materials with controlled emission profiles and improved fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs). Herein, we report a practical and general synthetic strategy to access dual-emission CDs with FQYs as high as 0.67 and green/blue, yellow/blue, or red/blue excitation-dependent emission profiles using common starting materials such as citric acid, cysteine, and co-dopants to bias the synthetic pathway. Structural and physicochemical analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance, absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in addition to transmission electron and atomic force microscopy (TEM and AFM) is used to elucidate the material's composition which is responsible for the unique observed photoluminescence properties. Moreover, the utility of the probes is demonstrated in the clinical setting by the synthesis of green/blue emitting antibody-CD conjugates which are used for the immunohistochemical staining of human brain tissues of glioblastoma patients, showing detection under two different emission channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Xia Liu
- Bristol
Medical School, Public Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Southmead Road, Bristol BS8 NB, U.K.
| | | | - Jean-Charles Eloi
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Natalie Pridmore
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Robert L. Harniman
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - David J. Morgan
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- HarwellXPS—The
EPSRC National Facility for Photoelectron, Spectroscopy, Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K.
| | - Stephen Hughes
- DST
Innovations Ltd, Unit
6a Bridgend Business Centre, Bennett Street, Bridgend CF31 3SH, U.K.
| | - Sean A. Davis
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Thomas A. A. Oliver
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Kathreena M. Kurian
- Bristol
Medical School, Public Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Southmead Road, Bristol BS8 NB, U.K.
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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Sonkaya Ö, Ocakçı Ş, Toksoy A, Pamuk Algi M, Algi F. N-doped carbon nanomaterials as fluorescent pH and metal ion sensors for imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 292:122412. [PMID: 36720189 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the facile synthesis of new N-doped carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) obtained from 1,10-phenanthroline by the solvothermal method. Characterization of CNPs were carried out with transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), UV-vis absorption spectra, and luminescence spectra. CNPs were pH sensitive and exploited as fluorescent chemosensors and imaging agents for Al(III) and Zn(II) ions in real-life samples. Remarkably, we show that CNPs can be used for the detection of Al(III) and Zn(II) ions in water samples. Accordingly, the results indicate that CNPs are highly effective in detecting Zn(II) content of cosmetic creams. We also demonstrated that the CNPs could be used for in vitro imaging of Al(III) and Zn(II) in Human Larynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Hep-2). Finally, Al(III) imaging in Angelica Officinalis root tissue was also achieved successfully. The CNPs are promising as luminescent multianalyte (pH, Al(III) and Zn(II)) sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Sonkaya
- Department of Chemistry & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Şeyma Ocakçı
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Alihan Toksoy
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Melek Pamuk Algi
- Department of Chemistry & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Algi
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey.
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6
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Intramolecular hydrogen bond-tuned thermal-responsive carbon dots and their application to abnormal body temperature imaging. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:221-230. [PMID: 36535160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A steric hindrance strategy was used to prepare intramolecular hydrogen bond-controlled thermosensitive fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) via the solvothermal treatment of o-phenylenediamine respectively with three dihydroxybenzene isomers. The CDs obtained from different isomers have very similar morphology, surfaces, and photophysical properties but exhibited different thermal sensitivities. Meanwhile, the orange-emitting CDs (p-CDs) obtained from o-phenylenediamine and p-hydroquinone exhibited an optimal thermal sensitivity of 1.1%/°C. Comprehensive experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that even a small difference in substituent locations in the phenyl ring of the precursors can considerably affect the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and that the CDs with strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds exhibited poor thermosensitivity. The p-CDs were incorporated with reference CDs (B-CDs) that exhibited heating-quenching blue emission through electrostatic self-assembly to construct a dual-emission probe (p-CDs/B-CDs), which exhibited a thermal sensitivity of 2.0%/°C. Test strips based on the p-CDs/B-CDs were prepared to measure temperature fluctuations based on sensitive and instant fluorescence color evolution. Further, this fluorescent colorimetry was successfully applied to a test strip-integrated wearable wristband to measure the body temperature. This study establishes an inherent relationship between precursors and the resulting intramolecular hydrogen bonds for precisely tuning the thermal sensitivity of CDs. It also offers a visual quantitative strategy for the early warning of abnormal body temperatures.
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7
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Jiang T, Huang J, Ran G, Song Q, Wang C. A colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode carbon dots probe derived from phenanthroline precursor for the selective detection of Fe 2+ and Fe 3. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:325-333. [PMID: 36539607 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron's metabolism is heavily involved in the regulation of redox balance for cell functions, however, the simultaneous monitoring of Fe2+/3+ concentration is still a great challenge due to their transitional nature in biological systems. A novel type of carbon dots (CDs) was synthesized by solvothermal treatment with 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline (Aphen) and salicylic acid as precursors, and the resulting targeted CDs (T-CDs) were used to simultaneously detect Fe2+ and Fe3+. Comprehensive experimental characterizations revealed that the strong binding affinity of Aphen moiety to Fe2+ leads to the formation of rigid T-CDs aggregates, which causes a substantial enhancement of fluorescence intensity, whereas Fe3+ could cause the fluorescence quenching of T-CDs due to the oxidation-reduction induced electron transfer. These different fluorescence responses allow T-CDs to sensitively differentiate Fe2+ from Fe3+, and give the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.78 and 2.78 μM for Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively. Furthermore, the Aphen dominated structure endows the T-CDs with a colorimetric response to Fe2+ with a LOD of 0.13 μM, which is very different from Fe3+. Thus, the dynamic changes of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in solution can be accurately monitored by T-CDs within the total iron concentration of 50 μM, which is probably the most sensitive dual-mode probe reported so far. In addition, this probe is successfully applied to detect the Fe2+/3+ concentration in cells, demonstrating a huge application potential in the sensing of the dynamic equilibrium of these important transition metals during the cell metabolism or stimulated process. The dynamic changes of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in solution can be accurately monitored by carbon dots based on the colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guoxia Ran
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Ramos-Soriano J, Ghirardello M, Galan MC. Carbon-based glyco-nanoplatforms: towards the next generation of glycan-based multivalent probes. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9960-9985. [PMID: 36416290 PMCID: PMC9743786 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates mediate a wide range of carbohydrate-protein interactions key to healthy and disease mechanisms. Many of such interactions are multivalent in nature and in order to study these processes at a molecular level, many glycan-presenting platforms have been developed over the years. Among those, carbon nanoforms such as graphene and their derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots and fullerenes, have become very attractive as biocompatible platforms that can mimic the multivalent presentation of biologically relevant glycosides. The most recent examples of carbon-based nanoplatforms and their applications developed over the last few years to study carbohydrate-mediate interactions in the context of cancer, bacterial and viral infections, among others, are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos-Soriano
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Calle Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Arezki Y, Delalande F, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Cianférani S, Rapp M, Lebeau L, Pons F, Ronzani C. Surface charge influences protein corona, cell uptake and biological effects of carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14695-14710. [PMID: 36168840 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03611h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are emerging nanoparticles (NPs) with tremendous applications, especially in the biomedical field. Herein is reported the first quantitative proteomic analysis of the protein corona formed on CDs with different surface charge properties. Four CDs were synthesized from citric acid and various amine group-containing passivation reagents, resulting in cationic NPs with increasing zeta (ζ)-potential and density of positive charges. After CD contact with serum, we show that protein corona identity is influenced by CD surface charge properties, which in turn impacts CD uptake and viability loss in macrophages. In particular, CDs with high ζ-potential (>+30 mV) and charge density (>2 μmol mg-1) are the most highly internalized, and their cell uptake is strongly correlated with a corona enriched in vitronectin, fibulin, fetuin, adiponectin and alpha-glycoprotein. On the contrary, CDs with a lower ζ-potential (+11 mV) and charge density (0.01 μmol mg-1) are poorly internalized, while having a corona with a very different protein signature characterized by a high abundance of apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOB and APOC), albumin and hemoglobin. These data illustrate how corona characterization may contribute to a better understanding of CD cellular fate and biological effects, and provide useful information for the development of CDs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Arezki
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - François Delalande
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048 CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mickaël Rapp
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Luc Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Françoise Pons
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Carole Ronzani
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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