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Rezaei H, Soltani-Mohammadi F, Dogari H, Ghafuri H, Peymanfar R. Plasma-assisted doping of pyrolyzed corn husk strengthened by MoS 2/polyethersulfone for fascinating microwave absorbing/shielding and energy saving properties. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:18962-18975. [PMID: 39292151 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
To address the ever-increasing electromagnetic pollution, numerous efforts have been made. In this case, biomass-derived materials as green, affordable, lightweight, capable, and sustainable microwave-absorbing materials have become a research hotspot; meanwhile, transition metal-based microwave absorbers and sulfide structures as polarizable electromagnetic absorbers have intrigued researchers. Alternatively, plasma treatment as a novel strategy has been applied in different fields, and doping strategies are in the spotlight to modify the microwave-absorbing features of materials. Thus, herein, corn husk biomass was pyrolyzed and doped with N via plasma treatment, followed by coating with MoS2 nanoflowers to promote its microwave-absorbing characteristics. More interestingly, the influence of absorbing media was carefully evaluated using polyethersulfone (PES) and polyethylene (PE) as polymeric matrices. The as-developed MoS2/N-doped pyrolyzed corn husk (PCH) demonstrated outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMISE) based on its absorption covering the entire K-band frequency with ≈100% shielding, a fascinating reflection loss (RL) of -95.32 dB at 21.28 GHz, and outstanding efficient bandwidth (EBW) of 7.61 GHz (RL ≤ -10) with a thickness of only 0.45 mm. It is noteworthy that the energy-saving features of the final composites were precisely investigated using an infrared (IR) absorption approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rezaei
- Department of Health Safety and Environment (HSE), Energy Institute of Higher Education, P.O. Box 39177-67746, Saveh, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Soltani-Mohammadi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Haniyeh Dogari
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ghafuri
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Peymanfar
- Department of Health Safety and Environment (HSE), Energy Institute of Higher Education, P.O. Box 39177-67746, Saveh, Iran.
- Department of Science, Iranian Society of Philosophers, Tehran, Iran
- Sustainable Development of Industrial Laboratory (SDILAB) CO., Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy Institute of Higher Education, P.O. Box 39177-67746, Saveh, Iran
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Yang Y, Tang J, Guo H, Pan F, Jiang H, Wu Y, Chen C, Li X, Yuan B, Lu W. Robust and Environmentally Friendly MXene-Based Electronic Skin Enabling the Three Essential Functions of Natural Skin: Perception, Protection, and Thermoregulation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10883-10891. [PMID: 39172995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The development of electronic skin (e-skin) emulating the human skin's three essential functions (perception, protection, and thermoregulation) has great potential for human-machine interfaces and intelligent robotics. However, existing studies mainly focus on perception. This study presents a novel, eco-friendly, mechanically robust e-skin replicating human skin's three essential functions. The e-skin is composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene, polypyrrole, and bacterial cellulose nanofibers, where the MXene nanoflakes form the matrix, the bacterial cellulose nanofibers act as the filler, and the polypyrrole serves as a conductive "cross-linker". This design allows customization of the electrical conductivity, microarchitecture, and mechanical properties, integrating sensing (perception), EMI shielding (protection), and thermal management (thermoregulation). The optimal e-skin can effectively sense various motions (including minuscule artery pulses), achieve an EMI shielding efficiency of 63.32 dB at 78 μm thickness, and regulate temperature up to 129 °C in 30 s at 2.4 V, demonstrating its potential for smart robotics in complex scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Guo
- Shanghai Key Lab of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pan
- Shanghai Key Lab of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Lab of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongpeng Wu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaolong Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, People's Republic of China
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Kruger DD, García H, Primo A. Molten Salt Derived MXenes: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307106. [PMID: 39021320 PMCID: PMC11425216 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
About one decade after the first report on MXenes, these 2D early transition metal carbides or nitrides have become among the best-performing materials in electrode applications related to electrical energy storage devices and power-to-fuels conversion. MXenes are obtained by a top-down approach starting from the appropriate 3D MAX phase that undergoes etching of the A-site metal. Initial etching procedures are based on the use of concentrated HF or the in situ generation of this highly corrosive and poisonous reagent. Etching of the MAX phase is one of the major hurdles limiting the progress of the field. The present review summarizes an alternative, universal, and easily scalable etching procedure based on treating the MAX precursor with a Lewis acid molten salt. The review starts with presenting the current state of the art of the molten salt etching procedure to obtain or modify MXene, followed by a summary of the applications of these MXene samples. The aim of the review is to show the versatility and advantages of molten salt etching in terms of general applicability, control of the surface terminal groups, and uniform deposition of metal nanoparticles, among other features of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid D. Kruger
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC‐UPVUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaAv. De los Naranjos s/nValència46022Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC‐UPVUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaAv. De los Naranjos s/nValència46022Spain
| | - Ana Primo
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC‐UPVUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaAv. De los Naranjos s/nValència46022Spain
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Habibpour S, Rahimi-Darestani Y, Salari M, Zarshenas K, Taromsari SM, Tan Z, Hamidinejad M, Park CB, Yu A. Synergistic Layered Design of Aerogel Nanocomposite of Graphene Nanoribbon/MXene with Tunable Absorption Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404876. [PMID: 39072882 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Electromagnetic pollution presents growing challenges due to the rapid expansion of portable electronic and communication systems, necessitating lightweight materials with superior shielding capabilities. While prior studies focused on enhancing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), less attention is given to absorption-dominant shielding mechanisms, which mitigate secondary pollution. By leveraging material science and engineering design, a layered structure is developed comprising rGOnR/MXene-PDMS nanocomposite and a MXene film, demonstrating exceptional EMI shielding and ultra-high electromagnetic wave absorption. The 3D interconnected network of the nanocomposite, with lower conductivity (10-3-10-2 S/cm), facilitates a tuned impedance matching layer with effective dielectric permittivity, and high attenuation capability through conduction loss, polarization loss at heterogeneous interfaces, and multiple scattering and reflections. Additionally, the higher conductivity MXene layer exhibits superior SE, reflecting passed electromagnetic waves back to the nanocomposite for further attenuation due to a π/2 phase shift between incident and back-surface reflected electromagnetic waves. The synergistic effect of the layered structures markedly enhances total SE to 54.1 dB over the Ku-band at a 2.5 mm thickness. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of hybridized layered structure on reducing the minimum required thickness to achieve a peak absorption (A) power of 0.88 at a 2.5 mm thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Habibpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yasaman Rahimi-Darestani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Meysam Salari
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kiyoumars Zarshenas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sara Mohseni Taromsari
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zhongchao Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Hu F, Tang H, Wu F, Ding P, Zhang P, Sun W, Cai L, Fan B, Zhang R, Sun Z. Sn Whiskers from Ti 2 SnC Max Phase: Bridging Dual-Functionality in Electromagnetic Attenuation. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301476. [PMID: 38183383 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In the ever-evolving landscape of complex electromagnetic (EM) environments, the demand for EM-attenuating materials with multiple functionalities has grown. 1D metals, known for their high conductivity and ability to form networks that facilitate electron migration, stand out as promising candidates for EM attenuation. Presently, they find primary use in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, but achieving a dual-purpose application for EMI shielding and microwave absorption (MA) remains a challenge. In this context, Sn whiskers derived from the Ti2 SnC MAX phase exhibit exceptional EMI shielding and MA properties. A minimum reflection loss of -44.82 dB is achievable at lower loading ratios, while higher loading ratios yield efficient EMI shielding effectiveness of 42.78 dB. These qualities result from a delicate balance between impedance matching and EM energy attenuation via adjustable conductive networks; and the enhanced interfacial polarization effect at the cylindrical heterogeneous interface between Sn and SnO2 , visually characterized through off-axis electron holography, also contributes to the impressive performance. Considering the compositional diversity of MAX phases and the scalable fabrication approach with environmental friendliness, this study provides a valuable pathway to multifunctional EM attenuating materials based on 1D metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Fushuo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Peigen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Longzhu Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - ZhengMing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu N, Han M, Liu W, Liu J, Zeng Z. Diverse Structural Design Strategies of MXene-Based Macrostructure for High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:240. [PMID: 37917275 PMCID: PMC10622396 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent demand for flexible, lightweight, mechanically robust, excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have been potential candidates for the construction of excellent EMI shielding materials due to their great electrical electroconductibility, favorable mechanical nature such as flexibility, large aspect ratios, and simple processability in aqueous media. The applicability of MXenes for EMI shielding has been intensively explored; thus, reviewing the relevant research is beneficial for advancing the design of high-performance MXene-based EMI shields. Herein, recent progress in MXene-based macrostructure development is reviewed, including the associated EMI shielding mechanisms. In particular, various structural design strategies for MXene-based EMI shielding materials are highlighted and explored. In the end, the difficulties and views for the future growth of MXene-based EMI shields are proposed. This review aims to drive the growth of high-performance MXene-based EMI shielding macrostructures on basis of rational structural design and the future high-efficiency utilization of MXene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Mingrui Han
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong, 250100, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiurong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihui Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China.
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Wu F, Hu P, Hu F, Tian Z, Tang J, Zhang P, Pan L, Barsoum MW, Cai L, Sun Z. Multifunctional MXene/C Aerogels for Enhanced Microwave Absorption and Thermal Insulation. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:194. [PMID: 37556089 PMCID: PMC10412520 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXene) have emerged as promising candidates for microwave absorption (MA) materials. However, they also have some drawbacks, such as poor impedance matching, high self-stacking tendency, and high density. To tackle these challenges, MXene nanosheets were incorporated into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and subsequently assembled into a three-dimensional (3D) network structure through PAN carbonization, yielding MXene/C aerogels. The 3D network effectively extends the path of microcurrent transmission, leading to enhanced conductive loss of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Moreover, the aerogel's rich pore structure significantly improves the impedance matching while effectively reducing the density of the MXene-based absorbers. EM parameter analysis shows that the MXene/C aerogels exhibit a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of - 53.02 dB (f = 4.44 GHz, t = 3.8 mm), and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.3 GHz (t = 2.4 mm, 7.44-12.72 GHz). Radar cross-sectional (RCS) simulations were employed to assess the radar stealth effect of the aerogels, revealing that the maximum RCS reduction value of the perfect electric conductor covered by the MXene/C aerogel reaches 12.02 dB m2. In addition to the MA performance, the MXene/C aerogel also demonstrates good thermal insulation performance, and a 5-mm-thick aerogel can generate a temperature gradient of over 30 °C at 82 °C. This study provides a feasible design approach for creating lightweight, efficient, and multifunctional MXene-based MA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushuo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiying Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyue Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Peigen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Long Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Michel W Barsoum
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Longzhu Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhengMing Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Q, Wang Z, Hu Q, Ji Y, Li D, Wang J, Xia Q, Wang L, Zhou A. Lithium storage performance enhanced by lithiation-induced structural phase transitions of fluorinated MXenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14406-14416. [PMID: 37183999 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00974b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Structural phase transitions in electrode materials of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) often occur along with Li-ion extraction/intercalation during charge and discharge processes. Lithiation-induced phase transition behaviors of two-dimensional fluorinated MXenes were investigated systematically by first-principles density functional calculations. The calculated results show that fluorine atoms in the nine MXenes studied moved from the FCC site (or HCP site for Ta2CF2) to the TOP site during Li adsorption. Further all the predicted phase transitions were confirmed by ab initio molecular dynamic simulations. The band structure, density of state, diffusion energy barrier, average voltage and storage capacity were calculated to evaluate the lithium storage properties of fluorinated MXenes, which revealed that V2CF2 and Ti2CF2 are the optimal candidates for LIB electrode materials. The structural phase transition led to improvements in the cycle stability, storage capacity, average voltage, and other lithium storage properties of the fluorinated MXenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Qianku Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Yuhuan Ji
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Junkai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Qixun Xia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Libo Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
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