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Zheng H, Liu C, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen B, Hu Y, Chen Q. Catalytic Undirected Meta-Selective C-H Borylation of Metallocenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304672. [PMID: 37632714 PMCID: PMC10625117 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Metallocenes are privileged backbones in the fields of synthetic chemistry, catalysis, polymer science, etc. Direct C-H functionalization is undoubtedly the simplest approach for tuning the properties of metallocenes. However, owing to the presence of multiple identical C(sp2 )-H sites, this protocol often suffers from low reactivity and selectivity issues, especially for the regioselective synthesis of 1,3-difunctionalized metallocenes. Herein, an efficient iridium-catalyzed meta-selective C-H borylation of metallocenes is reported. With no need of preinstalled directing groups, this approach enables a rapid synthesis of various boronic esters based on benzoferrocenes, ferrocenes, ruthenocene, and related half sandwich complex. A broad range of electron-deficient and -rich functional groups are all compatible with the process. Notably, C-H borylation of benzoferrocenes takes place exclusively at the benzene ring, which is likely ascribed to the shielding effect of pentamethylcyclopentadiene. The synthetic utility is further demonstrated by easy scalability to gram quantities, the conversion of boron to heteroatoms including N3 , SePh, and OAc, as well as diverse cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Chang‐Hui Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Bing‐Zhi Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Cheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyChina University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhouJiangsu221116P. R. China
| | - Qing‐An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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Liu CX, Yin SY, Zhao F, Yang H, Feng Z, Gu Q, You SL. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric C-H Functionalization Reactions. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10079-10134. [PMID: 37527349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the advancements in rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions during the last two decades. Parallel to the rapidly developed palladium catalysis, rhodium catalysis has attracted extensive attention because of its unique reactivity and selectivity in asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions. In recent years, Rh-catalyzed asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions have been significantly developed in many respects, including catalyst design, reaction development, mechanistic investigation, and application in the synthesis of complex functional molecules. This review presents an explicit outline of catalysts and ligands, mechanism, the scope of coupling reagents, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yong Yin
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Fangnuo Zhao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Gupta P, Madhavan S, Kapur M. Synthesis of Ferrocene 1,3-Derivatives by Distal C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305278. [PMID: 37365783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The third position of cyclopentadienyl ring of a monosubstituted ferrocene has remained as an inaccessible chemical space for direct functionalization. Until recently, functionalizing the C(3)-position while bypassing the predominantly active C(2)-position is the most challenging task. Herein, we report a distal C-H functionalization of monosubstituted ferrocenes using an easily removable directing group with precise site-selectivity, under a PdII / mono-N-protected amino-acid ligand catalytic system. The robust synthetic protocol leads to the synthesis of ferrocene 1,3-derivatives with broad scope in olefins while functionalizing ferrocenyl methylamine in moderate to good yields via a highly strained ferrocene appended 12-membered palladacycle intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, MP, India
| | - Suchithra Madhavan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, MP, India
| | - Manmohan Kapur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, MP, India
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Cunningham L, Guiry PJ. Design and Synthesis of a Ferrocene-Based Diol Library and Application in the Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203006. [PMID: 36322831 PMCID: PMC10108280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diol scaffolds have been utilized as highly effective catalysts and ligands in a wide range of catalytic asymmetric transformations. For scaffolds to be successful as broadly used motifs, they should be prepared cheaply through facile routes and be easily handled. Herein, the synthesis of a family of planar chiral diols based on a modular and robust three-step route is described, which yields catalytically active diols in >99 % de and >99 % ee, with up to seven different chiral elements. These diols have been characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis, which provides clear evidence for the likely transition state when applied in the asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Without altering the stereochemistry of the catalyst backbone, it is possible to access both enantiomers of the product by varying the substitution of the catalyst at the α-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cunningham
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Guiry
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Peluso P, Mamane V. Ferrocene derivatives with planar chirality and their enantioseparation by liquid-phase techniques. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:158-189. [PMID: 35946562 PMCID: PMC10087518 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, planar chiral ferrocenes have attracted a growing interest in several fields, particularly in asymmetric catalysis, medicinal chemistry, chiroptical spectroscopy and electrochemistry. In this frame, the access to pure or enriched enantiomers of planar chiral ferrocenes has become essential, relying on the availability of efficient asymmetric synthesis procedures and enantioseparation methods. Despite this, in enantioseparation science, these metallocenes were not comprehensively explored, and very few systematic analytical studies were reported in this field so far. On the other hand, enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography has been frequently used by organic and organometallic chemists in order to measure the enantiomeric purity of planar chiral ferrocenes prepared by asymmetric synthesis. On these bases, this review aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview on the enantioseparation of planar chiral ferrocenes by discussing liquid-phase enantioseparation methods developed over time, integrating this main topic with the most relevant aspects of ferrocene chemistry. Thus, the main structural features of ferrocenes and the methods to model this class of metallocenes will be briefly summarized. In addition, planar chiral ferrocenes of applicative interest as well as the limits of asymmetric synthesis for the preparation of some classes of planar chiral ferrocenes will also be discussed with the aim to orient analytical scientists towards 'hot topics' and issues which are still open for accessing enantiomers of ferrocenes featured by planar chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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