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Mandal H, Ogunyemi OJ, Nicholson JL, Orr ME, Lalisse RF, Rentería-Gómez Á, Gogoi AR, Gutierrez O, Michaudel Q, Goodson T. Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of All- cis and All- trans Poly( p-phenylenevinylene). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:2518-2528. [PMID: 38379916 PMCID: PMC10875663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) is a staple of the family of conjugated polymers with desirable optoelectronic properties for applications including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic devices. Although the significant impact of olefin geometry on the steady-state optical properties of PPVs has been extensively studied, PPVs with precise stereochemistry have yet to be investigated using nonlinear optical spectroscopy for quantum sensing, as well as light harvesting for biological applications. Herein, we report our investigation of the influence of olefin stereochemistry on both linear and nonlinear optical properties through the synthesis of all-cis and all-trans PPV copolymers. We performed two-photon absorption (TPA) using a classical and entangled light source and compared both classical TPA and entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) cross sections of these stereodefined PPVs. Whereas the TPA cross section of the all-trans PPV was expectedly higher than that of all-cis PPV, presumably because of the larger transition dipole moment, the opposite trend was measured via ETPA, with the all-cis PPV exhibiting the highest ETPA cross section. DFT calculations suggest that this difference might stem from the interaction of entangled photons with lower-lying electronic states in the all-cis PPV variant. Additionally, we explored the photoinduced processes for both cis and trans PPVs through time-resolved fluorescence upconversion and femtosecond transient absorption techniques. This study revealed that the sensitivity of PPVs in two-photon absorption varies with classical versus quantum light and can be modulated through the control of the geometry of the repeating alkenes, which is a key stepping stone toward their use in quantum sensing, bioimaging, and the design of polymer-based light-harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haraprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Olusayo J Ogunyemi
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jake L Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Meghan E Orr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Achyut R Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Hancock SN, Yuntawattana N, Diep E, Maity A, Tran A, Schiffman JD, Michaudel Q. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of N-methylpyridinium-fused norbornenes to access antibacterial main-chain cationic polymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311396120. [PMID: 38079554 PMCID: PMC10742381 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311396120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic polymers have been identified as a promising type of antibacterial molecules, whose bioactivity can be tuned through structural modulation. Recent studies suggest that the placement of the cationic groups close to the core of the polymeric architecture rather than on appended side chains might improve both their bioactivity and selectivity for bacterial cells over mammalian cells. However, antibacterial main-chain cationic polymers are typically synthesized via polycondensations, which do not afford precise and uniform molecular design. Therefore, accessing main-chain cationic polymers with high degrees of molecular tunability hinges upon the development of controlled polymerizations tolerating cationic motifs (or cation progenitors) near the propagating species. Herein, we report the synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of N-methylpyridinium-fused norbornene monomers. The identification of reaction conditions leading to a well-controlled ROMP enabled structural diversification of the main-chain cationic polymers and a study of their bioactivity. This family of polyelectrolytes was found to be active against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations as low as 25 µg/mL. Additionally, the molar mass of the polymers was found to impact their hemolytic activity with cationic polymers of smaller degrees of polymerization showing increased selectivity for bacteria over human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | | | - Emily Diep
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Arunava Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - An Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Jessica D. Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
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