1
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Guo J, Wang J, Zhao J. Synthesis of 3-sulfonylisoindolin-1-ones from olefinic amides and sodium sulfinates via electrooxidative tandem cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5897-5901. [PMID: 38967547 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00980k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonyl groups are motifs that are widely found in biologically active compounds and drug molecules, many isolated natural products as well as pharmaceuticals contain sulfonyl groups. Herein, we present the synthesis of sulfonyl-substituted isoindolones by a electrochemical oxidative radical cascade cycloaddition reaction of olefinic amides with sodium sulfite under oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions. Various olefinic amides and sodium sulfinates were compatible and gave the desired products in yields up to 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P. R. China.
| | - Jijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P. R. China.
| | - Jincan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, P. R. China.
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2
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do Carmo Pinheiro R, Souza Marques L, Ten Kathen Jung J, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Recent Progress in Synthetic and Biological Application of Diorganyl Diselenides. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400044. [PMID: 38976862 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Diorganyl diselenides have emerged as privileged structures because they are easy to prepare, have distinct reactivity, and have broad biological activity. They have also been used in the synthesis of natural products as an electrophile in the organoselenylation of aromatic systems and peptides, reductions of alkenes, and nucleophilic substitution. This review summarizes the advancements in methods for the transformations promoted by diorganyl diselenides in the main functions of organic chemistry. Parallel, it will also describe the main findings on pharmacology and toxicology of diorganyl diselenides, emphasizing anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, chemotherapeutic, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, an examination detailing the reactivity and biological characteristics of diorganyl diselenides provides valuable insights for academic researchers and industrial professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto do Carmo Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 97105-900
| | - Luiza Souza Marques
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 97105-900
| | - Juliano Ten Kathen Jung
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 97105-900
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 97105-900
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 97105-900
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3
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Wang D, Zeng L, Shi J, Gao S, Shi L, Sun S, Liang D. Electrophotocatalysis Versus Indirect Electrolysis: Electrochemical Selenocyclization of 3-Aza-1,5-dienes Facilitated by Energy Transfer, Direct Photolysis or N-Hydroxyphthalimide. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400280. [PMID: 38651795 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Three hybrid electrochemical protocols, which involve the energy transfer, direct photolysis and N-hydroxyphthalimide catalyst, respectively, are presented for the selenylation/cyclization of the fragile substrates of 3-aza-1,5-dienes with diorganyl diselenides to afford 3-selenomethyl-4-pyrrolin-2-ones. The two electrophotocatalytic reactions and the indirect electrolysis one are both regioselective and external-oxidant- and transition-metal-free, and are associated with a broad substrate scope and high Se-economy, and all three methods are amenable to gram-scale syntheses, late-stage functionalizations, sunlight-induced experiments and all-solar-driven syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Jifu Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Shulin Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Lou Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Shaoguang Sun
- Medical College, Panzhihua University, 10 Airport Road, Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
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4
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Alzaidi O, Wirth T. Continuous Flow Electroselenocyclization of Allylamides and Unsaturated Oximes to Selenofunctionalized Oxazolines and Isoxazolines. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:350-355. [PMID: 38855333 PMCID: PMC11157512 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of selenofunctionalized oxazolines and isoxazolines from N-allyl benzamides and unsaturated oximes with diselenides was studied by utilizing a continuous flow electrochemical approach. At mild reaction conditions and short reaction times of 10 min product yields of up to 90% were achieved including a scale-up reaction. A broad substrate scope was studied and the reaction was shown to have a wide functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohud Alzaidi
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science –
Al Khurma, Taif University, P.O. Box
11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
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5
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Hu L, Zhang J, Li M, Feng Y, Lu F. Electrochemical oxidative radical cascade cyclization of dienes and diselenides towards the synthesis of seleno-benzazepines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12556-12560. [PMID: 38638814 PMCID: PMC11024674 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenium-containing compounds are important scaffolds owing to their value in medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and material chemistry. Herein, we report an electrochemical approach to access seleno-benzazepines through an oxidative radical cascade cyclization of dienes with diselenides under metal-free, external oxidant-free and base-free conditions. In a simple undivided cell, various dienes and diselenides were suitable for this transformation, generating the desired products in up to 84% yields. This method provides a green and convenient route for the synthesis of valuable selenium-containing seven-membered N-heterocycles from simple starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Minghan Li
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Yulin Feng
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
| | - Fangling Lu
- The National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 56 Yangming Road Jiangxi Nanchang 330006 P. R. China
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6
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Zeng S, Zeng Y, Wang H, Sun P, Ruan Z. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of 3-Selenylazaflavanones and 3-Selenylflavanones via Electrochemically Facilitated Selenylation Cascade. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4074-4084. [PMID: 38394630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, an oxidant- and metal-free electrochemical selenylation reaction of chalcones with diselenides for the synthesis of 3-selenylazaflavanones and 3-selenylflavanones at room temperature was reported. The method proceeded under mild conditions, exhibited a broad substrate scope, and provided the selenylated products in moderate to excellent yields with high regio- and stereoselectivity. The reaction could also be readily scaled up with high efficiency. Detailed mechanistic studies through control experiments disclosed that a selenium-based radical might participate in this electrochemical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogao Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
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7
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Karmakar P, Karmakar I, Mukherjee D, Bhowmick A, Brahmachari G. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free One-Pot Synthesis of Poly-Functionalized 5-(Arylselanyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles Through a Copper(I)-Catalyzed Click Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302539. [PMID: 37665692 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A mechanochemistry-driven practical and efficient synthetic protocol for accessing diverse series of biologically relevant poly-functionalized 5-(arylselanyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles through copper(I)-catalyzed click reaction between aryl/heteroaryl acetylenes, diaryl diselenides, benzyl bromides, and sodium azide has been accomplished under high-speed ball-milling. Advantages of this method include operational simplicity, avoidance of using solvent and external heating, one-pot synthesis, short reaction time in minutes, good to excellent yields, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale applications. Furthermore, synthesized organoselenium compounds were synthetically diversified to biologically promising selenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), 731 235, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), 731 235, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Debojyoti Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), 731 235, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Bhowmick
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), 731 235, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), 731 235, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
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8
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Li B, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Li X, Li Z, Gu L, Ma W, Mei R. Transition-Metal-Free Electrochemical Selenylative Cyclization of Alkynyl Phosphonates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15414-15427. [PMID: 37871259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented regioselective electrochemical tandem selenation/cyclization of alkynyl phosphonates with diselenide is described here. These obtained selenoether products can be chemo-selectively converted into halogen-functionalized cyclic enol phosphonates under our electrochemical conditions. These protocols provide straightforward access to valuable cyclic enol phosphonate or phosphaisocoumarins under the electrochemical and transition-metal-free conditions. The robustness of these transformations was illustrated by their compatibility with various complex natural products and bioactive molecules. The selenoether and halogen functional groups allow the further diversification of the phosphorus heterocycles thus obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Zhou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zheyu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Linghui Gu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
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9
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Wang Z, Li J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhang P, Wu J. Direct a-C(sp3)-H thioetheration/selenylation of nafimidone derivatives enabled by electrocatalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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10
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Hu J, Wan H, Wang S, Yi H, Lei A. Electrochemical Thiocyanation/Cyclization Cascade to Access Thiocyanato-Containing Benzoxazines. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of SCN-containing heteroarenes, developing novel and green synthetic protocols for the synthesis of SCN-containing compounds has drawn much attention over the last decades. We reported here an electrochemical oxidative cyclization of ortho-vinyl aniline to access various SCN-containing benzoxazines. Mild conditions, an extra catalyst-free and oxidant-free system, and good tolerance for air highlight the application potential of this method.
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Karmakar P, Karmakar I, Pal D, Das S, Brahmachari G. Electrochemical Regioselective C( sp2)-H Selenylation and Sulfenylation of Substituted 2-Amino-1,4-naphthoquinones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1049-1060. [PMID: 36599149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient electrochemical method for regioselective C(sp2)-H selenylation and sulfenylation of substituted 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones has been unearthed. This oxidative cross-coupling reaction avoids using transition metal catalysts, oxidants, and high temperatures. The other notable advantages of this protocol are the tolerance of diverse functional groups, mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature, energy efficiency, good to excellent yields, short reaction times (in minutes), gram-scale applicability, and eco-friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Debopam Pal
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Suravi Das
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
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12
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Nayek N, Karmakar P, Mandal M, Karmakar I, Brahmachari G. Photochemical and electrochemical regioselective cross-dehydrogenative C(sp 2)–H sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[ a]phenazin-5-ols. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The essence of photo- and electrochemistry: sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[a]phenazin-5-ols through cross-dehydrogenative C(sp2)–H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Nayek
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mullicka Mandal
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
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