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Zhang SY, Fu GN, Du LH, Lin H, Zhang AY, Xie HJ, Sheng ZK, Xue MM, Yan BL, Liu Y, Ruan ZX, Pan BL, Zhou TY, Luo XP. Continuous flow biocatalysis: synthesis of purine nucleoside esters catalyzed by lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10953-10961. [PMID: 38577433 PMCID: PMC10993233 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleoside ester is one of the derivatives of purine nucleoside, which has antiviral and anticancer activities. In this work, a continuous flow synthesis of purine nucleoside esters catalyzed by lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus was successfully achieved. Various parameters including solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time/flow rate and substrate ratio were investigated. The best yields were obtained with a continuous flow microreactor for 35 min at 50 °C with the substrate ratio of 1 : 5 (nucleosides to vinyl esters) in the solvent of tert-amyl alcohol. 12 products were efficiently synthesized with yields of 78-93%. Here we reported for the first time the use of lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in the synthesis of purine nucleoside esters. The significant advantages of this methodology are a green solvent and mild conditions, a simple work-up procedure and the highly reusable biocatalyst. This research provides a new technique for rapid synthesis of anticancer and antiviral nucleoside drugs and is helpful for further screening of drug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Guo-Neng Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Li-Hua Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Hang Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Ao-Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Han-Jia Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Zhi-Kai Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Miao-Miao Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Bing-Lin Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Zhi-Xuan Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Bing-Le Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Tong-Yao Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, ZheJiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China +86-189-690-693-99
| | - Xi-Ping Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
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Křístková B, Martínková L, Rucká L, Kotik M, Kulik N, Rädisch R, Winkler M, Pátek M. Immobilization of aldoxime dehydratases on metal affinity resins and use of the immobilized catalysts for the synthesis of nitriles important in fragrance industry. J Biotechnol 2024; 384:12-19. [PMID: 38373531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Nitriles have a wide range of uses as building blocks, solvents, and alternative fuels, but also as intermediates and components of flavors and fragrances. The enzymatic synthesis of nitriles by aldoxime dehydratase (Oxd) is an emerging process with significant advantages over conventional approaches. Here we focus on the immobilization of His-tagged Oxds on metal affinity resins, an approach that has not been used previously for these enzymes. The potential of the immobilized Oxd was demonstrated for the synthesis of phenylacetonitrile (PAN) and E-cinnamonitrile, compounds applicable in the fragrance industry. A comparison of Talon and Ni-NTA resins showed that Ni-NTA with its higher binding capacity was more suitable for the immobilization of Oxd. Immobilized Oxds were prepared from purified enzymes (OxdFv from Fusarium vanettenii and OxdBr1 from Bradyrhizobium sp.) or the corresponding cell-free extracts. The immobilization of cell-free extracts reduced time and cost of the catalyst production. The immobilized OxdBr1 was superior in terms of recyclability (22 cycles) in the synthesis of PAN from 15 mM E/Z-phenylacetaldoxime at pH 7.0 and 30 °C (100% conversion, 61% isolated yield after product purification). The volumetric and catalyst productivity was 10.5 g/L/h and 48.3 g/g of immobilized protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague CZ-142 00, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague CZ-166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague CZ-142 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Rucká
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague CZ-142 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague CZ-142 00, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novohradská 237, Třeboň CZ-37981, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rädisch
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague CZ-142 00, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague CZ-128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz A-8010, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague CZ-142 00, Czech Republic
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Pei X, Xiao Q, Feng Y, Chen L, Yang F, Wang Q, Li N, Wang A. Enzymatic properties of a non-classical aldoxime dehydratase capable of producing alkyl and arylalkyl nitriles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7089-7104. [PMID: 37733049 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitriles are of significant interest in the flavor and fragrance industries with potential application in cosmetics due to their higher stability than analogous aldehydes. However, the traditional methods to prepare nitriles need toxic reagents and hash conditions. This work aimed to develop a chemoenzymatic strategy to synthesize nitriles from natural aldehydes with aldoxime as the intermediate. A non-classical aldoxime dehydratase (Oxd) was discovered from the fungus Aspergillus ibericus (OxdAsp) to catalyze the dehydration of aldoximes to corresponding nitriles under mild conditions. The amino acid sequence of OxdAsp exhibits an approximately 20% identity with bacterial Oxds. OxdAsp contains a heme prosthetic group bound with the axial H287 in the catalytic pocket. The structure models of OxdAsp with substrates suggest that its catalytic triad is Y138-R141-E192, which is different from the classically bacterial Oxds of His-Arg-Ser/Thr. The catalytic mechanism of OxdAsp was proposed based on the mutagenesis of key residues. The hydroxyl group of the substrate is fixed by E192 to increase its basicity. Y138 acts as a general acid-based catalyst, and its phenolic proton is polarized by the adjacent R141. The protonated Y138 would donate a proton to the hydroxyl group of the substrate and eliminate a water molecule from aldoxime to produce nitrile. The recombinant OxdAsp can efficiently dehydrate citronellal oxime and cinnamaldoxime to citronellyl nitrile and cinnamonitrile in aqueous media, which are applied as fragrance ingredients in the food and cosmetic fields. KEY POINTS: • A novel aldoxime dehydratase from the Aspergillus genus was first characterized as a heme-binding protein. • The catalytic mechanism was predicted based on the molecular interactions of the catalytic pocket with the substrate. • A chemoenzymatic strategy was developed to synthesize nitriles from natural aldehydes with aldoxime as the intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Qinjie Xiao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yumin Feng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Fengling Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Nanxing Li
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd, Xinchang, 312500, China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Engineered aldoxime dehydratase to enable the chemoenzymatic conversion of benzyl amines to aromatic nitriles. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106468. [PMID: 36933338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic strategy has been implemented to synthesize nitriles from benzyl amines under mild conditions. Aldoxime dehydratase (Oxd) plays a decisive role to convert aldoximes into corresponding nitriles. However, natural Oxds commonly exhibit extremely low catalytic capacity toward benzaldehyde oximes. Here, we engineered the OxdF1 from Pseudomonas putida F1 to enhance its catalytic efficiency toward benzaldehyde oximes by a semi-rational design strategy. The protein structure-based CAVER analysis indicates that M29, A147, F306, and L318 are located adjacent to the substrate tunnel entrance of OxdF1, which were responsible for the transportation of substrate into the active site. After two rounds of mutagenesis, the maximum activities of the mutants L318F and L318F/F306Y were 2.6 and 2.8 U/mg respectively, which were significantly higher than the wild OxdF1 of 0.7 U/mg. Meanwhile, the lipase type B from Candida antarctica was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli cells to selectively oxidize benzyl amines to aldoximes using urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct (UHP) as an oxidant in ethyl acetate. To merge the oxidation and dehydration reactions, a reductive extraction solution was added to remove the residue UHP, which is critical to eliminate its inhibition on the Oxd activity. Consequently, nine benzyl amines were efficiently converted into corresponding nitriles by the chemoenzymatic sequence.
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Křístková B, Rädisch R, Kulik N, Horvat M, Rucká L, Grulich M, Rudroff F, Kádek A, Pátek M, Winkler M, Martínková L. Scanning aldoxime dehydratase sequence space and characterization of a new aldoxime dehydratase from Fusarium vanettenii. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110187. [PMID: 36610228 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to map the sequence space of aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds) as enzymes with great potential for nitrile synthesis. Microbes contain an abundance of putative Oxds but fewer than ten Oxds were characterized in total and only two in fungi. In this work, we prepared and characterized a new Oxd (protein gb|EEU37245.1 named OxdFv) from Fusarium vanettenii 77-13-4. OxdFv is distant from the characterized Oxds with a maximum of 36% identity. Moreover, the canonical Oxd catalytic triad RSH is replaced by R141-E187-E303 in OxdFv. R141A and E187A mutants did not show significant activities, but mutant E303A showed a comparable activity as the wild-type enzyme. According to native mass spectrometry, OxdFv contained almost 1 mol of heme per 1 mol of protein, and was composed of approximately 88% monomer (41.8 kDa) and 12% dimer. A major advantage of this enzyme is its considerable activity under aerobic conditions (25.0 ± 4.3 U/mg for E,Z-phenylacetaldoxime at pH 9.0 and 55 °C). Addition of sodium dithionite (reducing agent) and Fe2+ was required for this activity. OxdFv favored (aryl)aliphatic aldoximes over aromatic aldoximes. Substrate docking in the homology model of OxdFv showed a similar substrate specificity. We conclude that OxdFv is the first characterized Oxd of the REE type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rädisch
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, CZ-373 33 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Melissa Horvat
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lenka Rucká
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grulich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan Kádek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, BIOCEV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany; European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Wang J, Yang X, Li N, Wang L. NH
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Br‐Promoted Single‐Step and Transition‐Metal‐Free Conversion of Aldehydes to Nitriles in Ammonia Water. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xiao‐Qin Yang
- School of Pharmacy Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Li.‐Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng 224007 Jiangsu Province China
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