1
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Wang Q, Murphy RP, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Tomson NC. Controlling the Size of Molecular Copper Clusters Supported by a Multinucleating Macrocycle. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:18332-18344. [PMID: 39292545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of a nonrigid, pyridyldialdimine-derived macrocyclic ligand (3PDAI2) enabled the synthesis of well-defined mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-nuclear Cu(I) complexes in good yields through rational synthetic means. Starting from mono- and diargentous 3PDAI2 complexes, transmetalation to Cu(I) proceeded smoothly with formation of AgX (X = Cl, I) salts to generate mono-, di-, and trinuclear copper complexes. Monodentate supporting ligands (MeCN, xylNC, PMe3, PPh3) were found to either transmetallate with or bind various di- and trinuclear clusters. The solution-phase dynamic behaviors of these species were studied through NMR spectroscopic investigations, and an in-depth study of the trinuclear systems revealed a rate dependence on the identity of the supporting ligand, indicating that ligand dissociation reactions were involved in the dynamic exchange processes. Synthetic investigations further found methods for the purposeful interconversion between the di- and trinuclear systems as well as the synthesis of a pseudotetrahedral tetracopper complex with two μ-Ph supporting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ryan P Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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2
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Rutz PM, Kleeberg C. Copper Catalyzed Borylation of Alkynes: An Experimental Mechanistic Study. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400286. [PMID: 38738792 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The copper catalyzed hydroboration of alkynes with B2pin2 was studied by in detail studies of individual relevant steps along the catalytic pathway. A number of reaction steps were retraced by in situ NMR spectroscopy as well as central intermediates and side-products were isolated and comprehensively characterized. A copper boryl complex is central to the catalytic process by inserting the terminal alkyne substrate into the B-Cu bond. The selectivity of this step - depending on the NHC auxiliary ligand - determines the α/β selectivity observed in the product. The latter complex is protonated by the auxiliary alcohol reagent resulting in hydroboration product formation and formation of a Cu alkoxido complex. Reaction of the latter with B2pin2 results in the regeneration of the central copper boryl complex. This alcoholysis step depends on the acidity of the alcohol, in particular on the relative acidity of the alcohol vs. the alkyne substrate. A number of side reactions leading to the hydrogenation product of the alkyne substrate and a bis hydroborated product were identified and studied in some detail. It is concluded that the performance of a particular catalytic system depends crucially on the relative acidities of the reagents and generalizations may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Rutz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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See M, Ríos P, Tilley TD. Diborane Reductions of CO 2 and CS 2 Mediated by Dicopper μ-Boryl Complexes of a Robust Bis(phosphino)-1,8-naphthyridine Ligand. Organometallics 2024; 43:1180-1189. [PMID: 38817536 PMCID: PMC11134609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A dinucleating 1,8-naphthyridine ligand featuring fluorene-9,9-diyl-linked phosphino side arms (PNNPFlu) was synthesized and used to obtain the cationic dicopper complexes 2, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-Ph)][NTf2]; [NTf2] = bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, 6, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-CCPh)][NTf2], and 3, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-OtBu)][NTf2]. Complex 3 reacted with diboranes to afford dicopper μ-boryl species (4, with μ-Bcat; cat = catecholate and 5, with μ-Bpin; pin = pinacolate) that are more reactive in C(sp)-H bond activations and toward activations of CO2 and CS2, compared to dicopper μ-boryl complexes supported by a 1,8-naphthyridine-based ligand with di(pyridyl) side arms. The solid-state structures and DFT analysis indicate that the higher reactivities of 4 and 5 relate to changes in the coordination sphere of copper, rather than to perturbations on the Cu-B bonding interactions. Addition of xylyl isocyanide (CNXyl) to 4 gave 7, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-Bcat)(CNXyl)][NTf2], demonstrating that the lower coordination number at copper is chemically significant. Reactions of 4 and 5 with CO2 yielded the corresponding dicopper borate complexes (8, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-OBcat)][NTf2]; 9, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-OBpin)][NTf2]), with 4 demonstrating catalytic reduction in the presence of excess diborane. Related reactions of 4 and 5 with CS2 provided insertion products 10, {[(PNNPFlu)Cu2]2[μ-S2C(Bcat)2]}[NTf2]2, and 11, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ,κ2-S2CBpin)][NTf2], respectively. These products feature Cu-S-C-B linkages analogous to those of proposed CO2 insertion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
S. See
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), CSIC and Universidad
de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Zhang J, Hou Y, Liu S, Lin J, Li Z. The case of a μ 2-P aromatic phosphinine as a 4-electron donor forming σ- and π-three-center-two-electron bonds. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5608-5615. [PMID: 38439621 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Profound insight into the electronic structures of occasionally observed μ2-P bridging phosphinines remains limited. In this work, we present the isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of a dimeric Rh(I) phosphinine complex exhibiting both η1-P and μ2-P phosphinine coordination modes. Variable temperature NMR analyses and DOSY spectrum measurement confirmed the presence of two types of fluxional phenomena in solution: η1-P phosphinine bonding and dissociation, and η1-P and μ2-P equilibrium. DFT calculations in conjunction with single crystal X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the μ2-P phosphinines donate four electrons via a σ-lone pair and a high-lying π-type electron pair, instead of two σ-lone pairs, forming σ- and π-three-center-two-electron bonds. The stronger π-type interactions lead to longer P-C bonds and larger negative coordination chemical shifts for μ2-P phosphinines. However, the binding interactions of μ2-P are thermodynamically weaker than those of η1-P. Reactivity studies further confirm the labile nature of the μ2-P phosphinine bonds, which could be easily converted to an η1-P phosphinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanfeng Hou
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shihua Liu
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jieli Lin
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Charman RSC, Hobson JA, Jackson RA, Mahon MF, Neale SE, Liptrot DJ. Acyclic Boryl Complexes of Copper(I). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302704. [PMID: 37818674 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of (6-Dipp)CuOtBu (6-Dipp=C{NDippCH2 }2 CH2 , Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) with B2 (OMe)4 provided access to (6-Dipp)CuB(OMe)2 via σ-bond metathesis. (6-Dipp)CuB(OMe)2 was characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography and shown to be a monomeric acyclic boryl of copper. (6-Dipp)CuB(OMe)2 reacted with ethylene and diphenylacetylene to provide insertion compounds into the Cu-B bond which were characterised by NMR spectroscopy in both cases and X-ray crystallography in the latter. It was also competent in the rapid catalytic deoxygenation of CO2 in the presence of excess B2 (OMe)4 . Alongside π-insertion, (6-Dipp)CuB(OMe)2 reacted with LiNMe2 to provide a salt metathesis reaction at boron, giving (6-Dipp)CuB(OMe)NMe2 , a second monomeric acyclic boryl, which also cuproborated diphenylacetylene. Computational interrogation validated these acyclic boryl species to be electronically similar to (6-Dipp)CuBpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex S C Charman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Josie A Hobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ross A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David J Liptrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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6
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Ríos P, See MS, Handford RC, Cooper JK, Don Tilley T. Tetracopper σ-Bound μ-Acetylide and -Diyne Units Stabilized by a Naphthyridine-based Dinucleating Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310307. [PMID: 37705304 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of a dicopper(I) tert-butoxide complex with alkynes possessing boryl or silyl capping groups resulted in formation of unprecedented tetracopper(I) μ-acetylide/diyne complexes that were characterized by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These compounds possess an unusual μ4 -η1 :η1 :η1 :η1 coordination mode for the bridging organic fragment, enforced by the rigid and dinucleating nature of the ligand utilized. Thus, the central π system remains unperturbed and accessible for subsequent reactivity and modification. This has been corroborated by addition of a fifth copper atom, giving rise to a pentacopper acetylide complex. This work may provide a new approach by which metal-metal cooperativity can be exploited in the transformation of acetylide and diyne groups to a variety of substrates, or as a starting point for the controlled synthesis of copper(I) alkyne-containing clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Matthew S See
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rex C Handford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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Tendera L, Fantuzzi F, Marder TB, Radius U. Nickel boryl complexes and nickel-catalyzed alkyne borylation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2215-2228. [PMID: 36845942 PMCID: PMC9945561 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The first nickel bis-boryl complexes cis-[Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2(Bcat)2], cis-[Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2(Bpin)2] and cis-[Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2(Beg)2] are reported, which were prepared via the reaction of a source of [Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2] with the diboron(4) compounds B2cat2, B2pin2 and B2eg2 ( i Pr2ImMe = 1,3-di-iso-propyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolin-2-ylidene; B2cat2 = bis(catecholato)diboron; B2pin2 = bis(pinacolato)diboron; B2eg2 = bis(ethylene glycolato)diboron). X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations strongly suggest that a delocalized, multicenter bonding scheme dictates the bonding situation of the NiB2 moiety in these square planar complexes, reminiscent of the bonding situation of "non-classical" H2 complexes. [Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2] also efficiently catalyzes the diboration of alkynes using B2cat2 as the boron source under mild conditions. In contrast to the known platinum-catalyzed diboration, the nickel system follows a different mechanistic pathway, which not only provides the 1,2-borylation product in excellent yields, but also provides an efficient approach to other products such as C-C coupled borylation products or rare tetra-borylated compounds. The mechanism of the nickel-catalyzed alkyne borylation was examined by means of stoichiometric reactions and DFT calculations. Oxidative addition of the diboron reagent to nickel is not dominant; the first steps of the catalytic cycle are coordination of the alkyne to [Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2] and subsequent borylation at the coordinated and, thus, activated alkyne to yield complexes of the type [Ni(NHC)2(η2-cis-(Bcat)(R)C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(R)(Bcat))], exemplified by the isolation and structural characterization of [Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2(η2-cis-(Bcat)(Me)C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(Me)(Bcat))] and [Ni( i Pr2ImMe)2(η2-cis-(Bcat)(H7C3)C[double bond, length as m-dash]C(C3H7)(Bcat))].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tendera
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of KentPark Wood RdCanterburyCT2 7NHUK
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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8
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Killian L, Bienenmann RLM, Broere DLJ. Quantification of the Steric Properties of 1,8-Naphthyridine-Based Ligands in Dinuclear Complexes. Organometallics 2023; 42:27-37. [PMID: 36644418 PMCID: PMC9832537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Steric properties of ligands are an important parameter for tuning the reactivity of the corresponding complexes. For various ligands used in mononuclear complexes, methods have been developed to quantify their steric bulk. In this work, we present an expansion of the buried volume and the G-parameter to quantify the steric properties of 1,8-napthyridine-based dinuclear complexes. Using this methodology, we explored the tunability of the steric properties associated with these ligands and complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniël L. J. Broere
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis,
Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Rutz PM, Grunenberg J, Kleeberg C. Unsymmetrical Diborane(4) as a Precursor to PBP Boryl Pincer Complexes: Synthesis and Cu(I) and Pt(II) PBP Complexes with Unusual Structural Features. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Rutz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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