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Pan C, Xiang C, Yu JT. Organophotocatalytic pyridination of N-arylglycines with 4-cyanopyridines by decarboxylative and decyanative radical-radical coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7806-7810. [PMID: 39254473 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic decarboxylative aminoalkylation of 4-cyanopyridines with N-arylglycines is achieved, providing 4-(aminomethyl)pyridine derivatives in moderate to good yields. This organic photocatalytic reaction undergoes a radical-radical cross-coupling process under redox-neutral conditions, featuring simple operation, readily available N-arylglycines and a broad substrate scope. Mechanistic investigations indicated that a proton-coupled electron-transfer process was involved to enable the single electron transfer between the reduced photocatalyst and 4-cyanopyridine in the presence of N-arylglycines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changduo Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China.
| | - Chengli Xiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
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2
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Feng LM, Liu S, Tu YH, Rui PX, Hu XG. Radical Deoxygenative Three-Component Reaction of Alcohols, Aryl Alkenes, and Cyanopyridines. Org Lett 2024; 26:6225-6229. [PMID: 39004828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
We report herein a deoxygenative radical multicomponent reaction involving alcohols, aryl alkenes, and cyanopyridine under photoredox conditions. This method is photoredox-neutral, suitable for late-stage modification, and compatible with a wide array of alcohols as alkyl radical sources, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. This reaction comprises a radical relay mechanism encompassing the Giese addition of aryl alkenes by alkyl radicals, followed by the decyanative pyridination of benzyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yuan-Hong Tu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Pei-Xin Rui
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Xiang-Guo Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
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3
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Deng W, Li X, Li Z, Wen Y, Wang Z, Lin Z, Li Y, Hu J, Huang Y. Electrochemically Driven C4-Selective Decyanoalkylation of Cyanopyridines with Unactivated Alkyl Bromides Enabling C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Coupling. Org Lett 2023; 25:9237-9242. [PMID: 38096030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
With cyanopyridines and alkyl bromides as coupling partners, an electrochemically driven C4-selective decyanoalkylation has been established to access diverse 4-alkylpyridines in one step. The reaction proceeds through the single electron reduction/radical-radical coupling tandem process under mild electrolytic conditions, achieving the cleavage of the C(sp2)-CN bond and the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2). The practicality of this protocol is illustrated by no sacrificial anodes, a broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinling Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyin Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529090, People's Republic of China
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4
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Patel S, Chakraborty A, Chatterjee I. C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Radical-Cross-Coupling Reaction via Photoexcitation. Org Lett 2023; 25:8246-8251. [PMID: 37947520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines (alkyl-DHPs) in the presence of a base triggers the single-electron-transfer-mediated desulfonative radical-cross-coupling (RCC) reaction without the need for any metal or photocatalyst. 4-Alkyl-substituted 1,4-DHPs as the electron donor (reductant) and alkyl sulfones as the electron acceptor (oxidant) are chosen strategically as the two best-matched modular radical precursors for the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (365 nm) have proven to be adequate for inducing single-electron transfer between two radical precursors in the excited state. Following this designed strategy, a diverse collection of primary, secondary, and tertiary persistent alkyl radicals from both radical precursors have been used to forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This blueprint features good functional group compatibility, a broad scope, and detailed mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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5
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Williams OP, Chmiel AF, Mikhael M, Bates DM, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Practical and General Alcohol Deoxygenation Protocol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300178. [PMID: 36840940 PMCID: PMC10121858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a practical protocol for the removal of alcohol functional groups through reductive cleavage of their benzoate ester analogs. This transformation requires a strong single electron transfer (SET) reductant and a means to accelerate slow fragmentation following substrate reduction. To accomplish this, we developed a photocatalytic system that generates a potent reductant from formate salts alongside Brønsted or Lewis acids that promote fragmentation of the reduced intermediate. This deoxygenation procedure is effective across structurally and electronically diverse alcohols and enables a variety of difficult net transformations. This protocol requires no precautions to exclude air or moisture and remains efficient on multigram scale. Finally, the system can be adapted to a one-pot benzoylation-deoxygenation sequence to enable direct alcohol deletion. Mechanistic studies validate that the role of acidic additives is to promote the key C(sp3 )-O bond fragmentation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Myriam Mikhael
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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6
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Li L, Matsuo B, Levitre G, McClain EJ, Voight EA, Crane EA, Molander GA. Dearomative intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition for construction of C(sp 3)-rich heterospirocycles on-DNA. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2713-2720. [PMID: 36908969 PMCID: PMC9993886 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-encoded library (DEL) screens have significantly impacted new lead compound identification efforts within drug discovery. An advantage of DELs compared to traditional screening methods is that an exponentially broader chemical space can be effectively screened using only nmol quantities of billions of DNA-tagged, drug-like molecules. The synthesis of DELs containing diverse, sp3-rich spirocycles, an important class of molecules in drug discovery, has not been previously reported. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of complex and novel spirocyclic cores via an on-DNA, visible light-mediated intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of olefins with heterocycles, including indoles, azaindoles, benzofurans, and coumarins. The DNA-tagged exo-methylenecyclobutane substrates were prepared from easily accessible alkyl iodides and styrene derivatives. Broad reactivity with many other DNA-conjugated alkene substrates was observed, including unactivated and activated alkenes, and the process is tolerant of various heterocycles. The cycloaddition was successfully scaled from 10 to 100 nmol without diminished yield, indicative of this reaction's suitability for DNA-encoded library production. Evaluation of DNA compatibility with the developed reaction in a mock-library format showed that the DNA barcode was maintained with high fidelity, with <1% mutated sequences and >99% amplifiable DNA from quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Bianca Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Edward J McClain
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Discovery Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Eric A Voight
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Discovery Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - Erika A Crane
- Drug Hunter, Inc. 13203 SE 172nd Ave, Suite 166 PMB 2019 Happy Valley Oregon 97086 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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7
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Dubois MAJ, Rojas JJ, Sterling AJ, Broderick HC, Smith MA, White AJP, Miller PW, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Duarte F, Bull JA. Visible Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkylation of 3-Aryl-Oxetanes and Azetidines via Benzylic Tertiary Radicals and Implications of Benzylic Radical Stability. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6476-6488. [PMID: 36868184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Four-membered heterocycles offer exciting potential as small polar motifs in medicinal chemistry but require further methods for incorporation. Photoredox catalysis is a powerful method for the mild generation of alkyl radicals for C-C bond formation. The effect of ring strain on radical reactivity is not well understood, with no studies that address this question systematically. Examples of reactions that involve benzylic radicals are rare, and their reactivity is challenging to harness. This work develops a radical functionalization of benzylic oxetanes and azetidines using visible light photoredox catalysis to prepare 3-aryl-3-alkyl substituted derivatives and assesses the influence of ring strain and heterosubstitution on the reactivity of small-ring radicals. 3-Aryl-3-carboxylic acid oxetanes and azetidines are suitable precursors to tertiary benzylic oxetane/azetidine radicals which undergo conjugate addition into activated alkenes. We compare the reactivity of oxetane radicals to other benzylic systems. Computational studies indicate that Giese additions of unstrained benzylic radicals into acrylates are reversible and result in low yields and radical dimerization. Benzylic radicals as part of a strained ring, however, are less stable and more π-delocalized, decreasing dimer and increasing Giese product formation. Oxetanes show high product yields due to ring strain and Bent's rule rendering the Giese addition irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne A J Dubois
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Hannah C Broderick
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Milo A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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8
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Krishna Sunkari Y, Kumar Siripuram V, Flajolet M. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (DOS) of On-DNA Peptidomimetics from Acid-Derived Phosphonium Ylides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203037. [PMID: 36653313 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology represents a revolutionary drug-discovery tool with unprecedented screening power originating from the association of combinatorial chemistry and DNA barcoding. The chemical diversity of DELs and its chemical space will be further expanded as new DNA-compatible reactions are introduced. This work introduces the use of DOS in the context of on-DNA peptidomimetics. Wittig olefination of aspartic acid-derived on-DNA Wittig ylide, combined with a broad substrate scope of aldehydes, led to formation of on-DNA α ${\alpha }$ , β ${\beta }$ -unsaturated ketones. The synthesis of on-DNA multi-peptidyl-ylides was performed by incorporating sequential amino acids onto a monomeric ylide. Di-, tri- and tetrameric peptidyl-ylides were validated for Wittig olefination and led to on-DNA α ${\alpha }$ , β ${\beta }$ -unsaturated-based peptidomimetics, an important class of intermediates. One on-DNA aryl Wittig ylide was also developed and applied to Wittig olefination for synthesis of on-DNA chalcone-based molecules. Furthermore, DOS was used successfully with electron-deficient peptidomimetics and led to the development of different heterocyclic cores containing on-DNA peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda Krishna Sunkari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vijay Kumar Siripuram
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marc Flajolet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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9
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Chheda PR, Simmons N, Schuman DP, Shi Z. Photoredox-Mediated Deoxygenative Alkylation of DNA-Tagged Alkenes with Activated Alcohols. Org Lett 2022; 24:9514-9519. [PMID: 36541781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded library (DEL) screens have become a key technology to find small molecule binders to biological targets for drug discovery applications. The development of new DNA-compatible chemistries to expand the accessible DEL chemical space is imperative to enhance screen success across broad target classes and modalities. Additionally, reactions that use commonly available building blocks as well as those that enable the fsp3 of library members to be increased would have high impact for accessing diverse drug-like structures. Herein, we report a DNA-compatible Giese-type addition of nonstabilized C-centered radicals generated by the deoxygenation of preactivated alcohols into on-DNA olefins. Although alcohols have been historically underused as a building block class within DEL synthesis, their activation to a xanthate enables Csp3-Csp3 coupling to furnish sp3-rich products. This reaction is compatible with multiple classes of functional groups, does not damage the DNA tag, and is suitable for use in DEL productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik R Chheda
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas Simmons
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David P Schuman
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhicai Shi
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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10
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Bergamaschi E, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Light-Driven Cobalt Hydride Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Styrenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J. Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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11
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Yedase GS, Venugopal S, Arya P, Yatham VR. Catalyst‐free Hantzsch ester‐mediated Organic Transformations Driven by Visible light. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Suresh Yedase
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Sreelakshmi Venugopal
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry INDIA
| | - P Arya
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Veera Reddy Yatham
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Thiruvananthapuram INDIA
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