1
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Mó O, Montero-Campillo MM, Yáñez M, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Discovering trends in the Lewis acidity of beryllium and magnesium hydrides and fluorides with increasing clusters size. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1702-1715. [PMID: 38567760 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We have reported in the last years the strong effect that Be- and Mg-containing Lewis acids have on the intrinsic properties of typical bases, which become acids upon complexation. In an effort to investigate these changes when the Be and Mg derivatives form clusters of increasing size, we have examined the behavior of the (MX2)n (M = Be, Mg; X = H, F; n = 1, 2, 3) clusters when they interact with ammonia, methanimine, hydrogen cyanide and pyridine, and with their corresponding deprotonated forms. The complexes obtained at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level were analyzed using the MBIE energy decomposition formalism, in parallel with QTAIM, ELF, NCIPLOT and AdNDP analyses of their electron density. For n = 1 the interaction enthalpy for the different families of monomers, Be (Mg) hydrides and Be (Mg) fluorides, follows the same trend as the intrinsic basicity of the base that interacts with them. This interaction is greatly reinforced after the deprotonation of the base, resulting in a significant enhancement of the intrinsic acidity of the corresponding MX2-Base complex. For (MX2)2 clusters a further reinforcement of the interaction with the base is observed, this reinforcement being again larger for the deprotonated complexes. However, the concomitant increase of their intrinsic acidity is one order of magnitude larger for hydrides than for fluorides. Unexpectedly, the cyclic conformers (MX2)3, which are more unstable than the linear ones, become the global minima after association with the base and the same is true for the deprotonated complex. Accordingly, a further increase of the intrinsic acidity of the (MX2)3-Base complexes with respect to the (MX2)2-Base ones is observed. This effect is maximum for (MgF2)3 clusters, to the point that the (MgF2)3-Base complexes become more acidic than nitric acid, the extreme case being the cluster (MgF2)3-NCH, whose acidity is higher than that of perchloric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Mó
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Taylor AJ, Beer PD. Halogen bonding aza-BODIPYs for anion sensing and anion binding-modulated singlet oxygen generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38920113 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02330g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Two novel aza-BODIPY based anion sensors, decorated with halogen bonding recognition sites, are capable of detecting halide anions at biologically-relevant near-IR wavelengths. With potential application for improving the selectivity of photodynamic therapy agents, unprecedented supramolecular host-guest anion binding-modulated singlet oxygen generation is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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3
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Liu CZ, Zhang C, Li CG, Chen HB, Yang W, Li ZY, Hu ZY, Xu L, Zhai B, Li ZT. Benzoselenadiazole-Functionalized H-Bonded Arylamide Foldamers: Solvent-Responsive Properties and Helix Self-Assembly Directed by Chalcogen Bonding in Solid State. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401150. [PMID: 38639722 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of H-bonded arylamide foldamers bearing benzoselenadiazole ends with solvent-responsive properties have been synthesized. In dichloromethane or dimethyl sulfoxide solvents, the molecules exhibit meniscus or linear structures, respectively, which can be attributed to the unique intramolecular hydrogen bonding behavior evidenced by 1D 1H NMR and 2D NOESY spectra. UV-vis spectroscopy experiments show that the absorption wavelength of H-bonded arylamide foldamers are significantly red-shifted due to the presence of benzoselenadiazole group. In addition, the crystal structures reveal that effective intermolecular dual Se ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N interactions between benzoselenadiazole groups induce further assembly of the monomers. Remarkably, supramolecular linear and double helices structures are constructed under the synergistic induction of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and intermolecular chalcogen bonding. Additionally, 2D DOSY diffusion spectra and theoretical modelling based on density functional theory (DFT) are performed to explore the persistence of intermolecular Se ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N interactions beyond the crystalline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhi Liu
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Chang-Gen Li
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Hui-Bin Chen
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Li
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Hu
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, 221 Beisi Road, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Bin Zhai
- Engineering Research Centre for Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, 55 Pingyuan middle Road, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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4
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Sherard MM, Kaplan JS, Simpson JH, Kittredge KW, Leopold MC. Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Halogen Bonding Interactions Involving Fentanyl and Fentanyl Derivatives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:917. [PMID: 38869542 PMCID: PMC11173406 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Fentanyl (FTN) and synthetic analogs of FTN continue to ravage populations across the globe, including in the United States where opioids are increasingly being used and abused and are causing a staggering and growing number of overdose deaths each year. This growing pandemic is worsened by the ease with which FTN can be derivatized into numerous derivatives. Understanding the chemical properties/behaviors of the FTN class of compounds is critical for developing effective chemical detection schemes using nanoparticles (NPs) to optimize important chemical interactions. Halogen bonding (XB) is an intermolecular interaction between a polarized halogen atom on a molecule and e--rich sites on another molecule, the latter of which is present at two or more sites on most fentanyl-type structures. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to identify these XB acceptor sites on different FTN derivatives. The high toxicity of these compounds necessitated a "fragmentation" strategy where smaller, non-toxic molecules resembling parts of the opioids acted as mimics of XB acceptor sites present on intact FTN and its derivatives. DFT of the fragments' interactions informed solution measurements of XB using 19F NMR titrations as well as electrochemical measurements of XB at self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified electrodes featuring XB donor ligands. Gold NPs, known as monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs), were also functionalized with strong XB donor ligands and assembled into films, and their interactions with FTN "fragments" were studied using voltammetry. Ultimately, spectroscopy and TEM analysis were combined to study whole-molecule FTN interactions with the functionalized MPCs in solution. The results suggested that the strongest XB interaction site on FTN, while common to most of the drug's derivatives, is not strong enough to induce NP-aggregation detection but may be better exploited in sensing schemes involving films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M. Sherard
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA; (M.M.S.); (J.S.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Jamie S. Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA; (M.M.S.); (J.S.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Jeffrey H. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA; (M.M.S.); (J.S.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Kevin W. Kittredge
- Department of Chemistry, Joan P. Brock School of Math and Natural Sciences, Virginia Wesleyan College, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA;
| | - Michael C. Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA; (M.M.S.); (J.S.K.); (J.H.S.)
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5
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Kampes R, Chettri A, Sittig M, Yang G, Zechel S, Kupfer S, Hager MD, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Schubert US. An Iridium Complex as Bidentate Halogen Bond-Based Anion Receptor Featuring an IncreasedOptical Response. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300183. [PMID: 38595069 PMCID: PMC11095211 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a luminescent Ir(III) complex featuring a bidentate halogen bond donor site capable of strong anion binding. The tailor-made Ir(III)(L)2 moiety offers a significantly higher emission quantum yield (8.4 %) compared to previous Ir(III)-based chemo-sensors (2.5 %). The successful binding of chloride, bromide and acetate is demonstrated using emission titrations. These experiments reveal association constants of up to 1.6×105 M-1. Furthermore, a new approach to evaluate the association constant by utilizing the shift of the emission was used for the first time. The experimentally observed characteristics are supported by quantum chemical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kampes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Avinash Chettri
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Guangjun Yang
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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6
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Patrick SC, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Solvent effects in anion recognition. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:256-276. [PMID: 38448686 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Anion recognition is pertinent to a range of environmental, medicinal and industrial applications. Recent progress in the field has relied on advances in synthetic host design to afford a broad range of potent recognition motifs and novel supramolecular structures capable of effective binding both in solution and at derived molecular films. However, performance in aqueous media remains a critical challenge. Understanding the effects of bulk and local solvent on anion recognition by host scaffolds is imperative if effective and selective detection in real-world media is to be viable. This Review seeks to provide a framework within which these effects can be considered both experimentally and theoretically. We highlight proposed models for solvation effects on anion binding and discuss approaches to retain strong anion binding in highly competitive (polar) solvents. The synthetic design principles for exploiting the aforementioned solvent effects are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Exploiting the Mechanical Bond Effect for Enhanced Molecular Recognition and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309098. [PMID: 38174657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of charged species in biological and industrial processes has resulted in ever-increasing interest in their selective recognition, detection, and environmental remediation. Building on the established coordination chemistry principles of the chelate and macrocyclic effects, and host preorganization, supramolecular chemists seek to construct specific 3D binding cavities reminiscent of biotic systems to enhance host-guest binding affinity and selectivity. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) present a wholly unique platform for synthetic host design, wherein topologies afforded by the mechanical bond enable the decoration of 3D cavities for non-covalent interactions with a range of target guest geometries. Notably, MIM host systems exhibit mechanical bond effect augmented affinities and selectivities for a variety of charged guest species, compared to non-interlocked acyclic and macrocycle host analogs. Furthermore, the modular nature of MIM synthesis facilitates incorporation of optical and electrochemical reporter groups, enabling fabrication of highly sensitive and specific molecular sensors. This review discusses the development of recognition and sensing MIMs, from the first reports in the late 20th century through to the present day, delineating how their topologically preorganized and dynamic host cavities enhance charged guest recognition and sensing, demonstrating the mechanical bond effect as a potent tool in future chemosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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8
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Singh A, Dhau J, Kumar R, Badru R, Kaushik A. Exploring the fluorescence properties of tellurium-containing molecules and their advanced applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9816-9847. [PMID: 38497121 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This review article explores the fascinating realm of fluorescence using organochalcogen molecules, with a particular emphasis on tellurium (Te). The discussion encompasses the underlying mechanisms, structural motifs influencing fluorescence, and the applications of these intriguing phenomena. This review not only elucidates the current state of knowledge but also identifies avenues for future research, thereby serving as a valuable resource for researchers and enthusiasts in the field of fluorescence chemistry with a focus on Te-based molecules. By highlighting challenges and prospects, this review sparks a conversation on the transformative potential of Te-containing compounds across different fields, ranging from environmental solutions to healthcare and materials science applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinct fluorescence behaviors exhibited by Te-containing compounds, contributing valuable insights to the evolving landscape of chalcogen-based fluorescence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avtar Singh
- Research and Development, Molekule Group Inc., 3802 Spectrum Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, Anandpur Sahib, Punjab 140118, India
| | - Jaspreet Dhau
- Research and Development, Molekule Group Inc., 3802 Spectrum Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rahul Badru
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140406, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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9
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Wu Q, Jiang QQ, Li YJ, Wang YA, Wang X, Liang RP, Qiu JD. σ-Hole Effect-Induced Electroluminescence of Halogen Cocrystals for Determination of Iodide in Seawater. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4623-4631. [PMID: 38456770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Developing new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminators with high stability, wide applicability, and strong designability is of great strategic significance to promote the ECL field to the frontier. Here, driven by the I···N bond, 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (TFTI) and 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazine (TMT) self-assembled into a novel halogen cocrystal (TFTI-TMT) through slow solution volatilization. Significant difference of charge density existed between the N atoms on TMT and the σ-hole of the I atoms on TFTI. Upon the induction of σ-hole effect, high-speed and spontaneous charge transferring from TMT to the σ-hole of TFTI occurred, stimulating exciting ECL signals. Besides, the σ-hole of the I atoms could capture iodine ions specifically, which blocked the original charge transfer from the N atoms to the σ-hole, causing the ECL signal of TFTI-TMT to undergo a quenching rate as high as 92.9%. Excitingly, the ECL sensing of TFTI-TMT toward I- possessed a wide linear range (10-5000 nM) and ultralow detection limit (3 nM) in a real water sample. The halogen cocrystal strategy makes σ-hole a remarkable new viewpoint of ECL luminator design and enables ECL analysis technology to contribute to addressing the environmental and health threats posed by iodide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ya-Jie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ying-Ao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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10
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Taylor AJ, Hein R, Patrick SC, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Anion Sensing through Redox-Modulated Fluorescent Halogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding Hosts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315959. [PMID: 38063409 PMCID: PMC10952190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion sensing via either optical or electrochemical readouts has separately received enormous attention, however, a judicious combination of the advantages of both modalities remains unexplored. Toward this goal, we herein disclose a series of novel, redox-active, fluorescent, halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) BODIPY-based anion sensors, wherein the introduction of a ferrocene motif induces remarkable changes in the fluorescence response. Extensive fluorescence anion titration, lifetime and electrochemical studies reveal anion binding-induced emission modulation through intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET), the magnitude of which is dependent on the nature of both the XB/HB donor and anion. Impressively, the XB sensor outperformed its HB congener in terms of anion binding strength and fluorescence switching magnitude, displaying significant fluorescence turn-OFF upon anion binding. In contrast, redox-inactive control receptors display a turn-ON response, highlighting the pronounced impact of the introduction of the redox-active ferrocene on the optical sensing performance. Additionally, the redox-active ferrocene motif also serves as an electrochemical reporter group, enabling voltammetric anion sensing in competitive solvents. The combined advantages of both sensing modalities were further exploited in a novel, proof-of-principle, fluorescence spectroelectrochemical anion sensing approach, enabling simultaneous and sensitive read out of optical and electrochemical responses in multiple oxidation states and at very low receptor concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Taylor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Sophie C. Patrick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
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11
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Cao L, Chen H, Fu H, Xian J, Cao H, Pan X, Wu J. Bidentate selenium-based chalcogen bond catalyzed cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1321-1324. [PMID: 38197262 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05516g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The application of selenium-based non-covalent bond catalysis in living cationic polymerization has rarely been reported. In this work, the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene (pMOS) was performed using a bidentate selenium bond catalyst - a new water-tolerant Lewis acid catalyst. A polymer with controllable molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution can be obtained at room temperature, with a maximum molecular weight of 23.3 kDa. This selenium bond compound can also catalyze the controllable cationic polymerization of p-methoxy styrene under environmental conditions. By changing the monomer feeding ratio, a secondary feeding experiment and DFT analysis, it is shown that the selenium bond catalyst can induce polymer chain growth by reversibly activating dormant covalent bonds (C-OH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luya Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongjun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lan-zhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Bagha H, Hein R, Lim JYC, Durr CB, Sambrook MR, Beer PD. Halogen Bonding Tripodal Metallo-Receptors for Phosphate Recognition and Sensing in Aqueous-Containing Organic Media. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302775. [PMID: 37792284 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The anion recognition and electrochemical anion-sensing properties of halogen-bonding (XB) tripodal zinc(II) receptors strategically designed and constructed for tetrahedral anion guest binding are described. The XB tris(iodotriazole)-containing hosts exhibit high affinities and selectivities for inorganic phosphate over other more basic, mono-charged oxoanions such as acetate and the halides in a competitive CD3 CN/D2 O (9 : 1 v/v) aqueous solvent mixture. 1 H NMR anion binding and electrochemical voltammetric anion sensing studies with redox-active ferrocene functionalised metallo-tripodal receptor analogues, reveal each of the XB tripods as superior anion complexants when compared to their tris(prototriazole)-containing, hydrogen bonding (HB) counterparts, not only exemplifying the halogen bond as a strong alternative interaction to the traditional hydrogen bond for molecular recognition but also providing rare evidence of the ability of XB receptors to preferentially bind the "harder" phosphate oxoanion over the "softer" and less hydrated halides in aqueous containing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Bagha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher B Durr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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13
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Scheiner S, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W. Influence of Internal Angular Arrangement on Pnicogen Bond Strength. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38016913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The three Z-X covalent bonds of a ZX3 unit (Z = P, As, Sb, Bi) are normally arranged in a pyramidal structure. Quantum chemical calculations show that pnicogen bonds (ZBs) to the central Z are weakened if ZX3 is flattened, as in the opening of an umbrella. The partial closing of the umbrella has the opposite effect of substantially strengthening these ZBs, even amounting to a 2- or 3-fold magnification in certain cases. The strongest such bonds, wherein Sb and Bi are in a strained configuration within a ZO3CH model system, have interaction energies of 20 kcal/mol with an NH3 base. Most of these systems, whether flattened or more pyramidal, are capable of engaging in three ZBs simultaneously, despite a certain amount of negative cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Wang YJ, Shi XY, Xing P, Dong XY, Zang SQ. Halogen bonding-driven chiral amplification of a bimetallic gold-copper cluster through hierarchical assembly. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj9013. [PMID: 37992176 PMCID: PMC10664983 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamentals and applications of chirality relies substantially on the amplification of chirality through hierarchical assemblies involving various weak interactions. However, a notable challenge remains for metal clusters chiral assembly driven by halogen bonding, despite their promising applications in lighting, catalysis, and biomedicine. Here, we used halogen bonding-driven assembly to achieve a hierarchical degree of achiral emissive Au2Cu2 clusters. From single crystals to one-dimensional ribbons and then to helixes, the morphologies were primarily modulated by intermolecular halogen bonding that evoked by achiral or/and chiral iodofluorobenzene (IFBs) molecules. Concomitantly, the luminescence and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) changed a lot, ultimately leading to a substantial increase in the luminescence dissymmetry g-factor (glum) of 0.036 in the supramolecular helix. This work opens an avenue for hierarchical assemblies using predesigned metal clusters as building blocks though directional halogen bonding. This achievement marks a noteworthy advancement in the field of nanosized inorganic functional blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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15
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Scheiner S. Transition between the Noncovalency and Covalency of σ-Hole Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9760-9770. [PMID: 37943718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the bond between a N-ligand and a Lewis acid containing a σ-hole are studied by quantum chemical methods. Interactions considered include pnicogen bonds involving SbX5, PX5, and PX3, where X represents any of the halogen atoms F, Cl, Br, or I. Also studied are the tetrel bonds of PbX4 and SiX4, as well as the chalcogen bond involving TeOX4. Both NH3 and NCH are applied as two possible bases of differing potency. Some of the bonds are very strong with interaction energies easily exceeding 25 kcal/mol and with AIM bond critical point densities much higher than 0.04 au, suggesting their classification as coordinate covalent bonds. The pentavalent SbX5 and PX5 fall into this category when combined with NH3, as does TeOX4. Although the tetrel bonds involving PbX4 are only slightly weaker, they are probably better viewed as a strong noncovalent bond on the cusp of covalency. Changing the internal bonding of hypervalent SbX5 to the more conventional SbX3 weakens the interaction to a classical noncovalent pnicogen bond. Reducing the base nucleophilicity from NH3 to NCH weakens the bonds so that they are clearly noncovalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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16
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Radiush EA, Wang H, Chulanova EA, Ponomareva YA, Li B, Wei QY, Salnikov GE, Petrakova SY, Semenov NA, Zibarev AV. Halide Complexes of 5,6-Dicyano-2,1,3-Benzoselenadiazole with 1 : 4 Stoichiometry: Cooperativity between Chalcogen and Hydrogen Bonding. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300523. [PMID: 37750466 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The [M4 -Hal]- (M=the title compound; Hal=Cl, Br, and I) complexes were isolated in the form of salts of [Et4 N]+ cation and characterized by XRD, NMR, UV-Vis, DFT, QTAIM, EDD, and EDA. Their stoichiometry is caused by a cooperative interplay of σ-hole-driven chalcogen (ChB) and hydrogen (HB) bondings. In the crystal, [M4 -Hal]- are connected by the π-hole-driven ChB; overall, each [Hal]- is six-coordinated. In the ChB, the electrostatic interaction dominates over orbital and dispersion interactions. In UV-Vis spectra of the M+[Hal]- solutions, ChB-typical and [Hal]- -dependent charge-transfer bands are present; they reflect orbital interactions and allow identification of the individual [Hal]- . However, the structural situation in the solutions is not entirely clear. Particularly, the UV-Vis spectra of the solutions are different from the solid-state spectra of the [Et4 N]+ [M4 -Hal]- ; very tentatively, species in the solutions are assigned [M-Hal]- . It is supposed that the formation of the [M4 -Hal]- proceeds during the crystallization of the [Et4 N]+ [M4 -Hal]- . Overall, M can be considered as a chromogenic receptor and prototype sensor of [Hal]- . The findings are also useful for crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Radiush
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Elena A Chulanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Current address: Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yana A Ponomareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Research University - Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Bin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yu Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Georgy E Salnikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana Yu Petrakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Semenov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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17
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Li J, Yuan L, Yang Q, Zhang N, Sun T, Bao X. A Carbazole-1,8-Disulfonamide-Derived Cryptand Receptor for Anion Recognition. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14753-14759. [PMID: 37822159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel cryptand-like anion receptor 1 was synthesized in reasonable yield by a one-step condensation reaction. The UV-vis spectroscopic titrations indicated that cryptand 1 bound AcO- in preference to other monovalent anions (including its competing F- and H2PO4-) in CH3CN, generating a 1:1 binding complex with Ka = 51,000 M-1. Moreover, the crystal structures revealed that the acetate ion was encapsulated inside the cryptand's cavity in a 1:1 manner, through multiple N-H···O hydrogen bonds (although having two different crystal forms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lisha Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qinrong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Key Laboratory of High Performance Computational Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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18
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Radzhabov AD, Ledneva AI, Soldatova NS, Fedorova II, Ivanov DM, Ivanov AA, Yusubov MS, Kukushkin VY, Postnikov PS. Halogen Bond-Involving Self-Assembly of Iodonium Carboxylates: Adding a Dimension to Supramolecular Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14642. [PMID: 37834088 PMCID: PMC10573078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed 0D, 1D, and 2D supramolecular assemblies made of diaryliodonium salts (functioning as double σ-hole donors) and carboxylates (as σ-hole acceptors). The association was based on two charge-supported halogen bonds (XB), which occurred between IIII sites of the iodonium cations and the carboxylate anions. The sequential introduction of the carboxylic groups in the aryl ring of the benzoic acid added a dimension to the 0D supramolecular organization of the benzoate, which furnished 1D-chained and 2D-layered structures when terephthalate and trimesate anions, correspondingly, were applied as XB acceptors. The structure-directing XB were studied using DFT calculations under periodic boundary conditions and were followed by the one-electron-potential analysis and the Bader atoms-in-molecules topological analysis of electron density. These theoretical methods confirmed the existence of the XB and verified the philicities of the interaction partners in the designed solid-state structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirbek D. Radzhabov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
| | - Alyona I. Ledneva
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
| | - Natalia S. Soldatova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
| | - Irina I. Fedorova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia (V.Y.K.)
- Department of Mathematics and Mechanics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Daniil M. Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia (V.Y.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia (V.Y.K.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia (N.S.S.); (D.M.I.); (M.S.Y.)
- Department of Solid State Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Smirnov AS, Katlenok EA, Mikherdov AS, Kryukova MA, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Halogen Bonding Involving Isomeric Isocyanide/Nitrile Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13324. [PMID: 37686131 PMCID: PMC10487382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-diisocyanobenzene (1), 1,4-diisocyanobenzene (2), and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (3) were co-crystallized with 1,3,5-triiodotrifluorobenzene (1,3,5-FIB) to give three cocrystals, 1·1,3,5-FIB, 2·2(1,3,5-FIB), and 3·2(1,3,5-FIB), which were studied by X-ray diffraction. A common feature of the three structures is the presence of I···Cisocyanide or I···Nnitrile halogen bonds (HaBs), which occurs between an iodine σ-hole and the isocyanide C-(or the nitrile N-) atom. The diisocyanide and dinitrile cocrystals 2·2(1,3,5-FIB) and 3·2(1,3,5-FIB) are isostructural, thus providing a basis for accurate comparison of the two types of noncovalent linkages of C≡N/N≡C groups in the composition of structurally similar entities and in one crystal environment. The bonding situation was studied by a set of theoretical methods. Diisocyanides are more nucleophilic than the dinitrile and they exhibit stronger binding to 1,3,5-FIB. In all structures, the HaBs are mostly determined by the electrostatic interactions, but the dispersion and induction components also provide a noticeable contribution and make the HaBs attractive. Charge transfer has a small contribution (<5%) to the HaB and it is higher for the diisocyanide than for the dinitrile systems. At the same time, diisocyanide and dinitrile structures exhibit typical electron-donor and π-acceptor properties in relation to the HaB donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S. Smirnov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Eugene A. Katlenok
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Alexander S. Mikherdov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Mariya A. Kryukova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.S.); (E.A.K.); (A.S.M.); (M.A.K.); (N.A.B.)
- Laboratory of Crystal Engineering of Functional Materials, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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20
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Qiu J, Bateman CN, Lu S, George GC, Li X, Gorden JD, Vasylevskyi S, Cozzolino AF. Solution Studies of a Water-Stable, Trivalent Antimony Pnictogen Bonding Anion Receptor with High Binding Affinities for CN -, OCN -, and OAc . Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37499143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The solution phase anion binding behavior of a water-stable bidentate pnictogen bond donor was studied. A modest change in the visible absorption spectrum allowed for the determination of the binding constants. High binding constants were observed with cyanide, cyanate, and acetate, and these were corroborated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The receptor could be recovered free from the anion following treatment with methyl triflate, confirming that it remains intact. The tight binding of cyanide and water stability were exploited to use this system as a supramolecular catalyst in a phase-transfer Strecker reaction, further demonstrating the utility of pnictogen bonding as a tool in noncovalent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Curt N Bateman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gary C George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - John D Gorden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Anthony F Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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21
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Amonov A, Scheiner S. Competition between Binding to Various Sites of Substituted Imidazoliums. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37490696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The imidazolium cation has a number of different sites that can interact with a nucleophile. Adding a halogen atom (X) or a chalcogen (YH) group introduces the possibility of an NX···nuc halogen or NY···nuc chalcogen bond, which competes against the various H-bonds (NH and CH donors) as well as the lone pair···π interaction wherein the nucleophile lies above the plane of the cation. Substituted imidazoliums are paired with the NH3 base, and the various different complexes are evaluated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strength of XB and YB increases quickly along with the size and polarizability of the X/Y atom, and this sort of bond is the strongest for the heavier Br, I, Se, and Te atoms, followed by the NH···N H-bond, but this order reverses for Cl and S. The various CH···N H-bonds are comparable to one another and to the lone pair···π bond, all with interaction energies of 10-13 kcal/mol, values which show very little dependence upon the substituent placed on the imidazolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtam Amonov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Engineering Physics Institute, Samarkand State University, University blv. 15, Samarkand 140104, Uzbekistan
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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22
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Weiss R, Aubert E, Groslambert L, Pale P, Mamane V. Evidence for and evaluation of fluorine-tellurium chalcogen bonding. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7221-7229. [PMID: 37416727 PMCID: PMC10321537 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of noncovalent interactions, chalcogen bonding (ChB) involving the tellurium atom is currently attracting much attention in supramolecular chemistry and in catalysis. However, as a prerequisite for its application, the ChB should be studied in solution to assess its formation and, if possible, to evaluate its strength. In this context, new tellurium derivatives bearing CH2F and CF3 groups were designed to exhibit Te⋯F ChB and were synthesized in good to high yields. In both types of compounds, Te⋯F interactions were characterized in solution by combining 19F, 125Te and HOESY NMR techniques. These Te⋯F ChBs were shown to contribute to the overall JTe-F coupling constants (94-170 Hz) measured in the CH2F- and CF3-based tellurium derivatives. Finally, a variable temperature NMR study allowed us to approximate the energy of the Te⋯F ChB, from 3 kJ mol-1 for the compounds with weak Te σ-holes to 11 kJ mol-1 for Te σ-holes activated by the presence of strong electron withdrawing substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Weiss
- LASYROC, UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | | | - Loic Groslambert
- LASYROC, UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Patrick Pale
- LASYROC, UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Victor Mamane
- LASYROC, UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
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23
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Piedra HF, Valdés C, Plaza M. Shining light on halogen-bonding complexes: a catalyst-free activation mode of carbon-halogen bonds for the generation of carbon-centered radicals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5545-5568. [PMID: 37265729 PMCID: PMC10231334 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new activation modes for the creation of carbon-centered radicals is a task of great interest in organic chemistry. Classical activation modes for the generation of highly reactive radical carbon-centered intermediates typically relied on thermal activation of radical initiators or irradiation with unsafe energetic UV light of adequate reaction precursors. In recent years, photoredox chemistry has emerged as a leading strategy towards the catalytic generation of C-centered radicals, which enabled their participation in novel synthetic organic transformations which is otherwise very challenging or even impossible to take place. As an alternative to these activation modes for the generation of C-centered radicals, the pursuit of greener, visible-light initiated reactions that do not necessitate a photoredox/metal catalyst has recently caught the attention of chemists. In this review, we covered recent transformations, which rely on photoactivation with low-energy light of a class of EDA complexes, known as halogen-bonding adducts, for the creation of C-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F Piedra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Carlos Valdés
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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24
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Bąk KM, Patrick SC, Li X, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Engineered Binding Microenvironments in Halogen Bonding Polymers for Enhanced Anion Sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300867. [PMID: 36749115 PMCID: PMC10946961 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking Nature's polymeric protein architectures by designing hosts with binding cavities screened from bulk solvent is a promising approach to achieving anion recognition in competitive media. Accomplishing this, however, can be synthetically demanding. Herein we present a synthetically tractable approach, by directly incorporating potent supramolecular anion-receptive motifs into a polymeric scaffold, tuneable through a judicious selection of the co-monomer. A comprehensive analysis of anion recognition and sensing is demonstrated with redox-active, halogen bonding polymeric hosts. Notably, the polymeric hosts consistently outperform their monomeric analogues, with especially large halide binding enhancements of ca. 50-fold observed in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. These binding enhancements are rationalised by the generation and presentation of low dielectric constant binding microenvironments from which there is appreciable solvent exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M. Bąk
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Sophie C. Patrick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Xiaoxiong Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
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25
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Lavrenova LG, Ivanova AI, Glinskaya LA, Artem'ev AV, Lavrov AN, Novikov AS, Abramov PA. Halogen Bonding Channels for Magnetic Exchange in Cu(II) Complexes with 2,5-Di(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201200. [PMID: 36629842 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II) complexes with 2,5-bis(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (tda) formulated as [Cu(tda)n X2 ] (n=2, X=Cl- , Br- , C2 N3 - ; n= 1, X=C2 N3 - ) have been isolated and fully characterized. The crystal structures of all compounds have been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). A study of the magnetic susceptibility in the range 1.77-300 K has shown that magnetic properties of the [Cu(tda)2 Cl2 ] and [Cu(tda)2 Br2 ] complexes match those of 1D chains of antiferromagnetically-coupled Cu2+ ions. The intrachain interaction J in [Cu(tda)2 Cl2 ] turns out to be ∼1.2 times weaker than in its bromide analogue. In its turn, [Cu(tda)2 (C2 N3 )2 ] exhibits J being an order of magnitude smaller and of the opposite ferromagnetic sign. Halogen bonding (HB) between adjacent complexes is much stronger than the H-bonds or π-π interactions between tda ligands according to the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila G Lavrenova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alina I Ivanova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila A Glinskaya
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Artem'ev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lavrov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Research Institute of Chemistry, Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 acad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ural Federal University named after B.N. Yeltsin, Lenin Ave, 51, Yekaterinburg, 620075, Russia
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26
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Duan HY, Han ST, Zhan TG, Liu LJ, Zhang KD. Visible-Light-Switchable Tellurium-Based Chalcogen Bonding: Photocontrolled Anion Binding and Anion Abstraction Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212707. [PMID: 36383643 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exploring new noncovalent bonding motifs with reversibly tunable binding affinity is of fundamental importance in manipulating the properties and functions of supramolecular self-assembly systems and materials. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate a unique visible-light-switchable telluro-triazole/triazolium-based chalcogen bonding (ChB) system in which the Te moieties are connected by azobenzene cores. The binding strengths between these azo-derived ChB receptors and the halide anions (Cl- , Br- ) could be reversibly regulated upon irradiation by visible light of different wavelengths. The cis-bidentate ChB receptors exhibit enhanced halide anion binding ability compared to the trans-monodentate receptors. In particular, the telluro-triazolium-based ChB receptor can achieve both high and significantly photoswitchable binding affinities for halide anions, which enable it to serve as an efficient photocontrolled organocatalyst for ChB-assisted halide abstraction in a Friedel-Crafts alkylation benchmark reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Duan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Tao Han
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Guang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Kang-Da Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
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27
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Piedra HF, Plaza M. Photochemical halogen-bonding assisted generation of vinyl and sulfur-centered radicals: stereoselective catalyst-free C(sp 2)-S bond forming reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:650-657. [PMID: 36741527 PMCID: PMC9848158 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of photochemistry and halogen bonding interactions has risen in the last few years as a powerful synthetic tool for the creation of radical intermediates under mild conditions. In the formation of carbon-centered radicals, this reactivity has been to date restricted to the employment of aryl and alkyl halides as precursors. We now envisioned that the halogen-bonding initiated formation of highly reactive vinyl radicals would be a feasible process for the photochemical cross-coupling between thiols and alkenyl halides under basic conditions. The reaction shows indeed a very broad functional group tolerance, is stereoselective, simple and scalable. In-depth mechanistic studies point at the formation of vinyl and sulfur-centered radicals as the intermediates of the reaction and DFT calculations support the pre-formation of a halogen-bonding complex as the initiator of the photochemical transformation. Synthetic applications were developed to extend the utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F. Piedra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”, Universidad de OviedoJulián Clavería 833006 OviedoSpain
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”, Universidad de OviedoJulián Clavería 833006 OviedoSpain
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28
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Bastidas Ángel AY, Campos PRO, Alberto EE. Synthetic application of chalcogenonium salts: beyond sulfonium. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:223-236. [PMID: 36503911 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of chalcogenonium salts in organic synthesis has grown enormously in the past decades since the discovery of the methyltransferase enzyme cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), featuring a sulfonium center as the reactive functional group. Chalcogenonium salts can be employed as alkylating agents, sources of ylides and carbon-centered radicals, partners for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and organocatalysts. Herein, we will focus the discussion on heavier chalcogenonium salts (selenonium and telluronium), presenting their utility in synthetic organic transformations and, whenever possible, drawing comparisons in terms of reactivity and selectivity with the respective sulfonium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Y Bastidas Ángel
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Philipe Raphael O Campos
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo E Alberto
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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29
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Naithani S, Goswami T, Thetiot F, Kumar S. Imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline based luminescent probes for anion recognition: Recent achievements and challenges. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Quinn S, Davies ES, Pearce N, Rosenberg C, Pfeiffer CR, Orton GRF, Champness NR. Donor-Acceptor Dyads and Triads Employing Core-Substituted Naphthalene Diimides: A Synthetic and Spectro (Electrochemical) Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248671. [PMID: 36557805 PMCID: PMC9783862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor dyads and triads comprising core-substituted naphthalene diimide (NDI) chromophores and either phenothiazine or phenoxazine donors are described. Synthesis combined with electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical investigations facilitates characterisation of the various redox states of these molecules, confirming the ability to combine arrays of electron donating and accepting moieties into single species that retain the redox properties of these individual moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E. Stephen Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nicholas Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Callum Rosenberg
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Constance R. Pfeiffer
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Georgia R. F. Orton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil R. Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence:
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