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Martincic M, Tobías-Rossell G. UV-Vis quantification of the iron content in iteratively steam and HCl purified single-walled carbon nanotubes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303359. [PMID: 38728321 PMCID: PMC11086872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As-produced carbon nanotubes contain impurities which can dominate the properties of the material and are thus undesired. Herein we present a multi-step purification treatment that combines the use of steam and hydrochloric acid in an iterative manner. This allows the reduction of the iron content down to 0.2 wt. % in samples of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Remarkably, Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals that this purification strategy does not introduce structural defects into the SWCNTs' backbone. To complete the study, we also report on a simplified approach for the quantitative assessment of iron using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The amount of metal in SWCNTs is assessed by dissolving in HCl the residue obtained after the complete combustion of the sample. This leads to the creation of hexaaquairon(III) chloride which allows the determination of the amount of iron, from the catalyst, by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The main advantage of the proposed strategy is that it does not require the use of additional complexing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Martincic
- Institut de Ciència de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Tobías-Rossell
- Institut de Ciència de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Mena-Hernando S, Eaton M, Fernández-Blázquez JP, López-Moreno A, Pedersen H, Pérez EM. Mechanical Interlocking to Unlock the Reinforcing Potential of Carbon Nanotubes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301490. [PMID: 37452643 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) present extraordinary mechanical properties, with Youngs' modulus>1 TPa and tensile strength>50 GPa; this makes them ideal candidates as fillers for the reinforcement of polymers. However, the performance of SWNTs in this field has fallen behind expectations. This is due to a combination of imperfect individualization of the SWNTs and poor load transfer from the polymer to the SWNTs. Here, we study the reinforcement of polymers of different chemical nature using mechanically interlocked derivatives of single-walled carbon nanotubes (MINTs). We compare the mechanical properties of fibers made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polysulfone (PSU) and their composites made with pristine SWNTs, MINTs, and the corresponding supramolecular models. With very low loading of MINTs (0.01 % w/w), improvements of more than 100 % on Youngs Modulus and the tensile strength are observed for both the nonpolar aliphatic PMMA and the very polar aromatic PSU polymers, while pristine carbon nanotubes and the supramolecular nanofillers showed smaller reinforcement. These data, together with our previous report on the reinforcement of polystyrene (nonpolar and aromatic), indicate that derivatization of SWNTs as MINTs is a valid general strategy to optimize the interaction between SWNT fillers and the polymer matrix.
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Villalva J, Rapakousiou A, Monclús MA, Fernández Blázquez JP, de la Vega J, Naranjo A, Vera-Hidalgo M, Ruiz-González ML, Pedersen H, Pérez EM. Interlocking Matrix and Filler for Enhanced Individualization and Reinforcement in Polymer-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16565-16572. [PMID: 37602897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Poor individualization and interfacial adhesion prevent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-polymer composites from reaching outstanding mechanical properties. With much larger diameters, but common structural features (high aspect ratio and absence of functional groups for covalent or supramolecular attachment with the polymer), carbon fibers face similar problems, which are addressed by covering the fibers with a thin layer of polymer. This sizing strategy has allowed carbon fibers to become the filler of choice for the highest performing materials. Inspired by this, here we investigate the use of the mechanical bond to wrap SWNTs with a layer of polymeric material to produce SWNTs mechanically interlocked with a layer of polymer. We first validate the formation of mechanically interlocked nanotubes (MINTs) using mixtures of SWNTs of relatively large average diameter (1.6 ± 0.4 nm), which are commercially available at reasonable prices and therefore could be technologically relevant as polymer fillers. We then design and synthesize by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) a polymer decorated with multiple U-shaped molecules, which are later ring-closed around the SWNTs using metathesis. The obtained hybrids contain a high degree of individualized SWNTs and exhibit significantly increased mechanical properties when compared to the matrix polymer. We envision that this strategy could be employed to produce SWNTs interlocked with polymer layers with various designs for polymer reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Villalva
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Rapakousiou
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Monclús
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jimena de la Vega
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Naranjo
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Emilio M Pérez
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Mo X, Deng Y, Lai SKM, Gao X, Yu HL, Low KH, Guo Z, Wu HL, Au-Yeung HY, Tse ECM. Mechanical Interlocking Enhances the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Activity and Selectivity of Molecular Copper Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6087-6099. [PMID: 36853653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Efficient O2 reduction reaction (ORR) for selective H2O generation enables advanced fuel cell technology. Nonprecious metal catalysts are viable and attractive alternatives to state-of-the-art Pt-based materials that are expensive. Cu complexes inspired by Cu-containing O2 reduction enzymes in nature are yet to reach their desired ORR catalytic performance. Here, the concept of mechanical interlocking is introduced to the ligand architecture to enforce dynamic spatial restriction on the Cu coordination site. Interlocked catenane ligands could govern O2 binding mode, promote electron transfer, and facilitate product elimination. Our results show that ligand interlocking as a catenane steers the ORR selectivity to H2O as the major product via the 4e- pathway, rivaling the selectivity of Pt, and boosts the onset potential by 130 mV, the mass activity by 1.8 times, and the turnover frequency by 1.5 fold as compared to the noninterlocked counterpart. Our Cu catenane complex represents one of the first examples to take advantage of mechanical interlocking to afford electrocatalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity. The mechanistic insights gained through this integrated experimental and theoretical study are envisioned to be valuable not just to the area of ORR energy catalysis but also with broad implications on interlocked metal complexes that are of critical importance to the general fields in redox reactions involving proton-coupled electron transfer steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel Kin-Man Lai
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xutao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung-Ling Yu
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation, Hangzhou 311305, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Liang Wu
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund C M Tse
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory of New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation, Hangzhou 311305, People's Republic of China
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López-Moreno A, Villalva J, Pérez EM. Mechanically interlocked derivatives of carbon nanotubes: synthesis and potential applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9433-9444. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00510g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An introduction to mechanically interlocked derivatives of single-walled carbon nanotubes: their main structural features, their potential advantages compared to covalent and supramolecular derivatives, how to synthesize them, and their most promising fields for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Moreno
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Canto Blanco, C/Faraday 9, E28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Villalva
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Canto Blanco, C/Faraday 9, E28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Canto Blanco, C/Faraday 9, E28049 Madrid, Spain
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