1
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Chen X, Volkova I, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Nijhuis CA. Gradual Change between Coherent and Incoherent Tunneling Regimes Induced by Polarizable Halide Substituents in Molecular Tunnel Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23356-23364. [PMID: 39115108 PMCID: PMC11345807 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes a gradual transition of charge transport across molecular junctions from coherent to incoherent tunneling by increasing the number and polarizability of halide substituents of phenyl-terminated aliphatic monolayers of the form S(CH2)10OPhXn, X = F, Cl, Br, or I; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, or 5. In contrast to earlier work where incoherent tunneling was induced by introducing redox-active groups or increasing the molecular length, we show that increasing the polarizability, while keeping the organization of the monolayer structure unaltered, results in a gradual change in the mechanism of tunneling of charge carriers where the activation energy increased from 23 meV for n = 0 (associated with coherent tunneling) to 257 meV for n = 5 with X = Br (associated with incoherent tunneling). Interestingly, this increase in incoherent tunneling rate with polarizability resulted in an improved molecular diode performance. Our findings suggest an avenue to improve the electronic function of molecular devices by introducing polarizable atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Fujian Provincial
Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Ira Volkova
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yulong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
- Centre
for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, 117546 Singapore
- Hybrid
Materials for Optoelectronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Molecules Centre, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Bloom BP, Paltiel Y, Naaman R, Waldeck DH. Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1950-1991. [PMID: 38364021 PMCID: PMC10906005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the initial landmark study on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in 1999, considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the physical underpinnings and mechanistic features of this interesting phenomenon. As first formulated, the CISS effect refers to the innate ability of chiral materials to act as spin filters for electron transport; however, more recent experiments demonstrate that displacement currents arising from charge polarization of chiral molecules lead to spin polarization without the need for net charge flow. With its identification of a fundamental connection between chiral symmetry and electron spin in molecules and materials, CISS promises profound and ubiquitous implications for existing technologies and new approaches to answering age old questions, such as the homochiral nature of life. This review begins with a discussion of the different methods for measuring CISS and then provides a comprehensive overview of molecules and materials known to exhibit CISS-based phenomena before proceeding to identify structure-property relations and to delineate the leading theoretical models for the CISS effect. Next, it identifies some implications of CISS in physics, chemistry, and biology. The discussion ends with a critical assessment of the CISS field and some comments on its future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Bloom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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3
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García-Blázquez MA, Dednam W, Palacios JJ. Nonequilibrium Magneto-Conductance as a Manifestation of Spin Filtering in Chiral Nanojunctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7931-7939. [PMID: 37646507 PMCID: PMC10494227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that spin-dependent electron transmission may appear in chiral systems, even without magnetic components, as long as significant spin-orbit coupling is present in some of its elements. However, how this chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) manifests in experiments, where the system is taken out of equilibrium, is still debated. Aided by group theoretical considerations and nonequilibrium DFT-based quantum transport calculations, here we show that when spatial symmetries that forbid a finite spin polarization in equilibrium are broken, a net spin accumulation appears at finite bias in an arbitrary two-terminal nanojunction. Furthermore, when a suitably magnetized detector is introduced into the system, the net spin accumulation, in turn, translates into a finite magneto-conductance. The symmetry prerequisites are mostly analogous to those for the spin polarization at any bias with the vectorial nature given by the direction of magnetization, hence establishing an interconnection between these quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. García-Blázquez
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - W. Dednam
- Department
of Physics, Science Campus, University of
South Africa, Florida
Park, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - J. J. Palacios
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Yang C, Li Y, Zhou S, Guo Y, Jia C, Liu Z, Houk KN, Dubi Y, Guo X. Real-time monitoring of reaction stereochemistry through single-molecule observations of chirality-induced spin selectivity. Nat Chem 2023; 15:972-979. [PMID: 37188972 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stereochemistry has an essential role in organic synthesis, biological catalysis and physical processes. In situ chirality identification and asymmetric synthesis are non-trivial tasks, especially for single-molecule systems. However, going beyond the chiral characterization of a large number of molecules (which inevitably leads to ensemble averaging) is crucial for elucidating the different properties induced by the chiral nature of the molecules. Here we report direct monitoring of chirality variations during a Michael addition followed by proton transfer and keto-enol tautomerism in a single molecule. Taking advantage of the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect, continuous current measurements through a single-molecule junction revealed in situ chirality variations during the reaction. Chirality identification at a high sensitivity level provides a promising tool for the study of symmetry-breaking reactions and sheds light on the origin of the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuyao Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Xu Y, Mi W. Chiral-induced spin selectivity in biomolecules, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and inorganic materials: a comprehensive review on recent progress. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1924-1955. [PMID: 36989068 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The two spin states of electrons are degenerate in nonmagnetic materials. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect provides a new strategy for manipulating electron's spin and a deeper understanding of spin selective processes in organisms. Here, we summarize the important discoveries and recent experiments performed during the development of the CISS effect, analyze the spin polarized transport in various types of materials and discuss the mechanisms, theoretical calculations, experimental techniques and biological significance of the CISS effect. The first part of this review concisely presents a general overview of the discoveries and importance of the CISS effect, laws and underlying mechanisms of which are discussed in the next section, where several classical experimental methods for detecting the CISS effect are also introduced. Based on the organic and inorganic properties of materials, the CISS effect of organic biomolecules, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and inorganic materials are reviewed in the third, fourth and fifth sections, especially the chiral transfer mechanism of hybrid materials and the relationship between the CISS effect and life science. In addition, conclusions and prospective future of the CISS effect are outlined at the end, where the development and applications of the CISS effect in spintronics are directly described, which is helpful for designing promising chiral spintronic devices and understanding the natural status of chirality from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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6
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Dednam W, García-Blázquez MA, Zotti LA, Lombardi EB, Sabater C, Pakdel S, Palacios JJ. A Group-Theoretic Approach to the Origin of Chirality-Induced Spin-Selectivity in Nonmagnetic Molecular Junctions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6452-6465. [PMID: 36947721 PMCID: PMC10100547 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling gives rise to a range of spin-charge interconversion phenomena in nonmagnetic systems where certain spatial symmetries are reduced or absent. Chirality-induced spin-selectivity (CISS), a term that generically refers to a spin-dependent electron transfer in nonmagnetic chiral systems, is one such case, appearing in a variety of seemingly unrelated situations ranging from inorganic materials to molecular devices. In particular, the origin of CISS in molecular junctions is a matter of an intense current debate. Here, we derive a set of geometrical conditions for this effect to appear, hinting at the fundamental role of symmetries beyond otherwise relevant quantitative issues. Our approach, which draws on the use of point-group symmetries within the scattering formalism for transport, shows that electrode symmetries are as important as those of the molecule when it comes to the emergence of a spin-polarization and, by extension, to the possible appearance of CISS. It turns out that standalone metallic nanocontacts can exhibit spin-polarization when relative rotations which reduce the symmetry are introduced. As a corollary, molecular junctions with achiral molecules can also exhibit spin-polarization along the direction of transport, provided that the whole junction is chiral in a specific way. This formalism also allows the prediction of qualitative changes of the spin-polarization upon substitution of a chiral molecule in the junction with its enantiomeric partner. Quantum transport calculations based on density functional theory corroborate all of our predictions and provide further quantitative insight within the single-particle framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Dednam
- Department
of Physics, Florida Science Campus, University
of South Africa, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M. A. García-Blázquez
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda A. Zotti
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. B. Lombardi
- Department
of Physics, Florida Science Campus, University
of South Africa, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C. Sabater
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada and Unidad asociada CSIC, Universidad de Alicante, E-03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - S. Pakdel
- CAMD, Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J. J. Palacios
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Nicolás Cabrera (INC) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Aragonès AC, Aravena D, Ugalde JM, Medina E, Gutierrez R, Ruiz E, Mujica V, Díez‐Pérez I. Magnetoresistive Single‐Molecule Junctions: the Role of the
Spinterface
and the
CISS
Effect. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Universitat de Barcelona Marti i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC) Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Casilla 40, Correo 33 Santiago 9170022 Chile
| | - Jesús M. Ugalde
- Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) P.K. 1072 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - Ernesto Medina
- Departamento de Física Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería Universidad San Francisco de Quito Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica Quito 170901 Ecuador
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden University of Technology 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTC) Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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