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Ma Q, Cao M, Fu Z, Wang R, Xiong P, Hua K, Zhang L, Zhou T, Li H, Zhang C. Design of Linear-Polymer-Coated Graphene Nanosheets with π-Conjugated Structure and Multi-Active-Center for Long-Lifespan and High-Rate Li-Storage Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35033-35042. [PMID: 38938082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Organic material holds immense potential for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their eco-friendly nature, high structural designability, abundant sources, and high theoretical capacity. However, the limited redox-active sites, low electronic conductivity, sluggish ionic diffusion, and high solubility hinder their practical application. Here, we reported the use of a linear polymer called poly(naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride-pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone)-coated graphene nanosheets (NPT/rGO) as a cathode material for LIBs. The NPT polymer has a rotation angle of approximately 63° between each plane, which helps in exposing the active sites and preventing structural pulverization during cycling. The highly conjugated skeleton of the polymer, along with graphene, forms a synergistic effect through a π-π interaction. This combination enhances the conductivity and restricts solubility. Additionally, the linear structure of NPT and the two-dimensional rGO substrates work together to enhance charge transfer and ion diffusion rates, resulting in faster reaction kinetics. Consequently, NPT/rGO exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in terms of high capacity, superior cyclic stability, and good rate capability for LIBs. Moreover, through the combination of experimental investigations and theoretical simulations, a multiple electron reaction mechanism, an efficient Li-ion storage behavior, and a reversible dynamic evolution have been revealed. This study introduces a rational molecular design approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of polyimide derivatives, thereby contributing to the advancement of cutting-edge organic electrode materials for LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Ma
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mengge Cao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhenli Fu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kang Hua
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Longhai Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tengfei Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hongbao Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz Research Centre of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Kim J, Ling J, Lai Y, Milner PJ. Redox-Active Organic Materials: From Energy Storage to Redox Catalysis. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:258-273. [PMID: 38737116 PMCID: PMC11083122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive materials are central to myriad applications, including energy storage, sensing, and catalysis. Compared to traditional inorganic electrode materials, redox-active organic materials such as porous organic polymers (POPs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising alternatives due to their structural tunability, flexibility, sustainability, and compatibility with a range of electrolytes. Herein, we discuss the challenges and opportunities available for the use of redox-active organic materials in organoelectrochemistry, an emerging area in fine chemical synthesis. In particular, we highlight the utility of organic electrode materials in photoredox catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and electrocatalysis and point to new directions needed to unlock their potential utility for organic synthesis. This Perspective aims to bring together the organic, electrochemistry, and polymer communities to design new heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the sustainable synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianheng Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Li H, Cao M, Fu Z, Ma Q, Zhang L, Wang R, Liang F, Zhou T, Zhang C. A covalent organic framework as a dual-active-center cathode for a high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4341-4348. [PMID: 38516068 PMCID: PMC10952062 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc07013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic electrode materials have shown significant potential for aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their flexible structure designability and cost advantage. However, sluggish ionic diffusion, high solubility, and low capacities limit their practical application. Here, we designed a covalent organic framework (TA-PTO-COF) generated by covalently bonding tris(4-formylbiphenyl)amine (TA) and 2,7-diaminopyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone (PTO-NH2). The highly conjugated skeleton inside enhances its electron delocalization and intermolecular interaction, leading to high electronic conductivity and limited solubility. The open channel within the TA-PTO-COF provides ionic diffusion pathways for fast reaction kinetics. In addition, the abundant active sites (C[double bond, length as m-dash]N and C[double bond, length as m-dash]O) endow the TA-PTO-COF with a large reversible capacity. As a result, the well-designed TA-PTO-COF cathode delivers exceptional capacity (255 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1), excellent cycling stability, and a superior rate capacity of 186 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1. Additionally, the co-insertion mechanism of Zn2+/H+ within the TA-PTO-COF cathode is revealed in depth by ex situ spectroscopy. This study presents an effective strategy for developing high-performance organic cathodes for advanced AZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Mengge Cao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Zhenli Fu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Quanwei Ma
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Longhai Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Fei Liang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Tengfei Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Leibniz International Joint Research Center of Materials Sciences of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Material (Ministry of Education), Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
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4
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Pignier V, Toumieux S, Davoisne C, Caroff M, Jamali A, Pilard S, Mathiron D, Cailleu D, Delattre F, Singh DP, Douali R, Becuwe M. Toward Conductive Additive Free Organic Electrode for Lithium-Ion Battery Using Supramolecular Columnar Organization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305701. [PMID: 37712120 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to meet the greatest challenge facing organic batteries, namely the low conductivity of the electrodes, the electrochemical properties of a series of substituted perylene diimides able to form semi-conductive columnar material are investigated. Depending on the substituent group, a strong influence of this group on the reversibility, redox potential but especially on the gravimetric capacity of the electrodes is observed. In the case of substitution by a simple propyl group, the corresponding diimide shows a complete electrochemical activity with only 10% by mass of conductive additive and even shows a half-capacity activity without any additive and without particular electrode engineering. Extensive research has highlighted the intrinsic reactivity of the columnar material but also its perpetual rearrangement during charge/discharge cycles. This study shows that the amount of conductive additive can be significantly reduced by adapting the design of the molecular material and favoring the assembly of redox units in the form of a conductive column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pignier
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 10 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, 80039, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), UR 4492, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, 59140, France
| | - Sylvestre Toumieux
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A), UR 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 10 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, 80039, France
| | - Carine Davoisne
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, 80039, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Maxandre Caroff
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, 80039, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Arash Jamali
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique - Université de Picardie Jules Verne, HUB de l'Energie, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
| | - David Mathiron
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Dominique Cailleu
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
| | - François Delattre
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), UR 4492, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, 59140, France
| | - Dharmendra Pratap Singh
- Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires (UDSMM), UR 4476, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Centre Universitaire de la Mi-Voix, BP 699, Calais, Cedex, 62228, France
| | - Redouane Douali
- Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires (UDSMM), UR 4476, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Centre Universitaire de la Mi-Voix, BP 699, Calais, Cedex, 62228, France
| | - Matthieu Becuwe
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
- Institut de Chimie de Picardie (ICP), FR CNRS 3085, Amiens, 80039, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, Hub de l'Energie, 15 rue Baudelocque, Amiens, Cedex, 80039, France
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Lubis AL, Baskoro F, Lin TH, Wong HQ, Liou GS, Yen HJ. Redox-Active High-Performance Polyimides as Versatile Electrode Materials for Organic Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38148122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries show great promise for improving the storage capacity, reducing production costs, and minimizing environmental impact toward sustainability. In this study, we report a series of newly synthesized arylamine-based polyimides, TPPA-PIs, with three different bridge functionalizations on the imide rings and isomeric constituents that can work as versatile battery electrodes. As a lithium-ion battery cathode, a maximum energy density of 248 Wh kg-1 with high voltage operation up to 4.0 V can be achieved. As a lithium-ion battery anode, the TPPA-PIs showed a reversible storage capacity of 806 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 current density with good rate capability up to a current density of 2000 mA g-1. Moreover, when applied as sodium-ion battery anodes, TPPA-PIs delivered an optimum specific capacity of up to 218 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles at a 50 mA g-1 current density and revealed a long cycling stability up to 1000 cycles under a high current density of 1000 mA g-1. More importantly, these electrochemical performances of TPPA-PIs are among the best compared with other reported polymer-based electrodes. The mechanistic studies show that both bridge functionalization on the imide units and isomerism impact the electrochemical performance by regulating their intrinsic properties such as charge storage behavior, ion diffusivity, and activation energy. We believe that such a detailed study of the structural design to electrochemical performance of these polymeric electrodes will offer insights into materials development and optimization for next-generation multifunctional energy storage devices in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Lammiduk Lubis
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Febri Baskoro
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hui Qi Wong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Sheng Liou
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ju Yen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Kim J, Shirke Y, Milner PJ. Flexible Backbone Effects on the Redox Properties of Perylenediimide-Based Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023:10.1021/acsami.3c06065. [PMID: 37581286 PMCID: PMC10867274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials are appealing candidates for a wide range of applications, including heterogeneous electrocatalysis and electrochemical energy storage. However, a narrow understanding of the structure-property relationships in these materials hinders the full realization of their potential. Herein, we investigate a family of insoluble perylenediimide (PDI) polymers to interrogate how backbone flexibility affects their thermodynamic and kinetic redox properties. We verify that the polymers generally access the highest percentage of redox-active groups with K+ ions (vs Na+ and Li+) due to its small solvation shell/energy and favorable soft-soft interactions with reduced PDI species. Through cyclic voltammetry, we show that increasing the polymer flexibility does not minimize barriers to ion-insertion processes but rather increases the level of diffusion-limited processes. Further, we propose that the condensation of imides to iminoimides can truncate the imide polymer chain growth for certain diamine monomers, leading to greater polymer solubilization and reduced cycling stability. Together, our results provide insight into how polymer flexibility, ion-electrode interactions, and polymerization side reactions dictate the redox properties of PDI polymers, paving the way for the development of next-generation organic electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Yogita Shirke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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7
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Zhang M, Wang L, Xu H, Song Y, He X. Polyimides as Promising Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:135. [PMID: 37221393 PMCID: PMC10205965 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have helped revolutionize the modern world and are now advancing the alternative energy field. Several technical challenges are associated with LIBs, such as increasing their energy density, improving their safety, and prolonging their lifespan. Pressed by these issues, researchers are striving to find effective solutions and new materials for next-generation LIBs. Polymers play a more and more important role in satisfying the ever-increasing requirements for LIBs. Polyimides (PIs), a special functional polymer, possess unparalleled advantages, such as excellent mechanical strength, extremely high thermal stability, and excellent chemical inertness; they are a promising material for LIBs. Herein, we discuss the current applications of PIs in LIBs, including coatings, separators, binders, solid-state polymer electrolytes, and active storage materials, to improve high-voltage performance, safety, cyclability, flexibility, and sustainability. Existing technical challenges are described, and strategies for solving current issues are proposed. Finally, potential directions for implementing PIs in LIBs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Song
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Lai D, Ling L, Su M, Kang Q, Gao F, Lu Q. From amorphous to crystalline: a universal strategy for structure regulation of high-entropy transition metal oxides. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1787-1796. [PMID: 36819864 PMCID: PMC9930932 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04900g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-entropy materials (HEMs) exhibit extensive application potential owing to their unique structural characteristics. Structure regulation is an effective strategy for enhancing material performance. However, the fabrication of HEMs by integrating five metal elements into a single crystalline phase remains a grand challenge, not to mention their structure regulation. Herein, an amorphous-to-crystalline transformation route is proposed to simultaneously achieve the synthesis and structure regulation of high-entropy metal oxides (HEMOs). Through a facile hydrothermal technique, five metal sources are uniformly integrated into amorphous carbon spheres, which are transformed to crystalline HEMOs after calcination. Importantly, by controlling ion diffusion and oxidation rates, HEMOs with different structures can be controllably achieved. As an example, HEMO of the five first-row transition metals CrMnFeCoNiO is synthesized through the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation route, and structure regulation from solid spheres to core-shell spheres, and then to hollow spheres, is successfully realized. Among the structures, the core-shell CrMnFeCoNiO exhibits enhanced lithium storage performance due to the component and structural advantages. Our work expands the synthesis methods for HEMs and provides a rational route for structure regulation, which brings them great potential as high-performance materials in energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Mengfei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China .,College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Cong C, Kim J, Gannett CN, Abruña HD, Milner PJ. Unexpected Direct Synthesis of Tunable Redox-Active Benzil-Linked Polymers via the Benzoin Reaction. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1056-1066. [PMID: 37123564 PMCID: PMC10139698 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for the sustainable synthesis of redox-active organic polymers could lead to next-generation organic electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis, and electro-swing chemical separations. Among redox-active moieties, benzils or aromatic 1,2-diones are particularly attractive due to their high theoretical gravimetric capacities and fast charge/discharge rates. Herein, we demonstrate that the cyanide-catalyzed polymerization of simple dialdehyde monomers unexpectedly leads to insoluble redox-active benzil-linked polymers instead of the expected benzoin polymers, as supported by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrochemical characterization. Mechanistic studies suggest that cyanide-mediated benzoin oxidation occurs by hydride transfer to the solvent, and that the insolubility of the benzil-linked polymers protects them from subsequent cyanolysis. The thiophene-based polymer poly(BTDA) is an intriguing organic electrode material that demonstrates two reversible one-electron reductions with monovalent cations such as Li+ and Na+ but one two-electron reduction with divalent Mg2+. As such, the tandem benzoin-oxidation polymerization reported herein represents a sustainable method for the synthesis of highly tunable and redox-active organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cara N. Gannett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
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