Stimuli-Responsive Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Mechanism and Applications

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are very suitable for extraction, drug delivery systems, and sensors due to their good selective adsorption ability, but the difficulty of eluting templates during synthesis and the limitation of application scenarios put higher demands on MIPs. Stimuli-responsive MIPs (SR-MIPs) can actively respond to changes in external conditions to realize various functions, which provides new ideas for the further development of MIPs. This paper reviews the multiple response modes of MIPs, including the common temperature, pH, photo, magnetic, redox-responsive and rare gas, biomolecule, ion, and solvent-responsive MIPs, and explains the mechanism, composition, and applications of such SR-MIPs. These SR-MIPs and the resulting dual/multiple-responsive MIPs have good selectivity, and controllability, and are very promising for isolation and extraction, targeted drug delivery, and electro-sensor.

Effect of Gold Nanoparticle Size on Regulated Catalytic Activity of Temperature-Responsive Polymer-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrid Microgels

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess attractive electronic, optical, and catalytic properties, enabling many potential applications. Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is a temperature-responsive polymer that changes its hydrophilicity upon a slight temperature change, and combining PNIPAAm with AuNPs allows us to modulate the properties of AuNPs by temperature. In a previous study, we proposed a simpler method for designing PNIPAAm-AuNP hybrid microgels, which used an AuNP monomer with polymerizable groups. The size of AuNPs is the most important factor influencing their catalytic performance, and numerous studies have emphasized the importance of controlling the size of AuNPs by adjusting their stabilizer concentration. This paper focuses on the effect of AuNP size on the catalytic activity of PNIPAAm-AuNP hybrid microgels prepared via the copolymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide and AuNP monomers with different AuNP sizes. To quantitatively evaluate the catalytic activity of the hybrid microgels, we monitored the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol using the hybrid microgels with various AuNP sizes. While the hybrid microgels with an AuNP size of 13.0 nm exhibited the highest reaction rate and the apparent reaction rate constant (kapp) of 24.2 × 10-3 s-1, those of 35.9 nm exhibited a small kapp of 1.3 × 10-3 s-1. Thus, the catalytic activity of the PNIPAAm-AuNP hybrid microgel was strongly influenced by the AuNP size. The hybrid microgels with various AuNP sizes enabled the reversibly temperature-responsive on-off regulation of the reduction reaction.

Imprinting of nanoparticles in thin films: Quo Vadis?

Nanomaterials, and especially nanoparticles, have been introduced to almost any aspect of our lives. This has caused increasing concern as to their toxicity and adverse effects on the environment and human health. The activity of nanoparticles, including their nanotoxicity, is not only a function of the material they are made of but also their size, shape, and surface properties. It is evident that there is an unmet need for simple approaches to the speciation of nanoparticles, namely to monitor and detect them based on their properties. An appealing method for such speciation involves the imprinting of nanoparticles in soft matrices. The principles of imprinting nanoparticles originate from the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) approach. This review summarizes the current status of this emerging field, which bridges between the traditional MIP approach and the imprinting of larger entities such as viruses and bacteria. The concepts of nanoparticle imprinting and the requirement of both physical and chemical matching between the nanoparticles and the matrix are discussed and demonstrated.

Effect of temperature on the structure and drug-release behaviour of inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin with cyclophosphamide: a molecular dynamics study

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are suitable drug carriers because of their doughnut-shaped cavities with hydrophilic outer and hydrophobic inner surfaces. Temperature-responsive CD-based drug carriers are expected to be one of the most promising candidates for drug delivery systems. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the inclusion complex of β-CD with cyclophosphamide (CP) at temperatures from 300 K to 400 K to investigate the temperature dependency of the release behaviour of CP and structural changes of β-CD in an aqueous solution. We analysed the distance between the centres of mass of β-CD and CP and the radius of gyration of β-CD. The CP molecule was released from the β-CD cavity at 400 K, whereas two different inclusion complexes, partially and completely, were observed at T < 400 K. β-CD encapsulating a CP molecule had a more spherical shape and rigidity than β-CD without a CP, and the rigidity of their inclusion complex decreased with increasing temperature. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the behaviours of the β-CD/CP complex and drug release at the molecular level and can facilitate the development of new temperature-responsive drug delivery systems with CD nanocarriers triggered by localised temperature increases using focused ultrasound.

Identification and analysis of B cell epitopes of hemagglutinin of H1N1 influenza virus

The frequent variation of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) antigen is the main cause of influenza pandemic. Therefore, the study of B cell epitopes of HA is of great significance in the prevention and control of influenza virus. In this study, the split vaccine of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus was used as immunogen, and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were prepared by conventional hybridoma fusion and screening techniques. The characteristics of mAbs were identified by ELISA method, Western-blot test and hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). Using the obtained mAbs as a tool, the B cell epitopes of HA were predicted by ELISA blocking test, sandwich ELISA method and computer simulation method. Finally, four mAbs against HA antigen of H1N1 influenza virus were obtained. The results of ELISA and computer prediction showed that there were at least two types of epitopes on HA of influenza virus. The results of this study complemented the existing methods for predicting HA epitopes, and also provided a new method for predicting other pathogenic microorganisms.